Table 2.
Pre- and post-treatment in NPRS and flexion-rotation test outcomes.
| Outcome | Group | Pre-Treatment | Post-Treatment | Within-Group † | Between-Group ‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NPRS (0–10) | E Group | 4.34 ± 2.65 (3.2, 5.5) |
4.50 ± 2.49 (3.5, 5.6) |
p > 0.709 |
p < 0.001 d = 1.30 |
| d = 0.06 | |||||
| MT + E Group | 4.13 ± 1.70 (3.4, 4.8) |
1.75 ± 1.68 (1.0, 2.5) |
p < 0.001 | ||
| d = 1.41 | |||||
| Flexion-rotation test (R) (°) | E Group | 16.93 ± 10.17 (12.6, 21.2) |
16.21 ± 10.56 (11.8, 20.7) |
p > 0.090 |
p < 0.001 d = 1.72 |
| d = 0.07 | |||||
| MT + E Group | 22.11 ± 10.35 (17.7, 26.5) |
33.15 ± 9.06 (29.3, 37.0) |
p < 0.001 | ||
| d = 1.14 | |||||
| Flexion-rotation test (L) (°) | E Group | 18.97 ± 10.26 (14.6, 23.3) |
17.98 ± 10.43 (13.1, 22.2) |
p >0.221 |
p < 0.001 d = 1.65 |
| d = 0.10 | |||||
| MT + E Group | 24.06 ± 9.33 (20.3, 28.2) |
34.17 ± 9.16 (30.2, 37.9) |
p < 0.001 | ||
| d = 1.09 | |||||
| Flexion-rotation test (R) (NPRS 0–10) | E Group | 5.08 ± 2.32 (4.1, 6.1) |
5.50 ± 2.27 (4.5, 6.5) |
p > 0.135 |
p <0.001 d = 1.74 |
| d = 0.18 | |||||
| MT + E Group | 3.67 ± 2.35 (2.7, 4.7) |
1.67 ± 2.12 (0.8, 2.6) |
p < 0.001 | ||
| d = 0.89 | |||||
| Flexion-rotation test (L) (NPRS 0–10) | E Group | 4.75 ± 2.67 (3.6, 5.9) |
4.92 ± 2.54 (3.9, 6.0) |
p > 0.548 |
p < 0.001 d = 1.41 |
| d = 0.07 | |||||
| MT + E Group | 3.34 ± 2.37 (2.3, 4.3) |
1.67 ± 2.04 (0.8, 2.5) |
p < 0.001 | ||
| d = 0.76 |
Abbreviations: R. right; L. left; NPRS. Numerical Pain Rating Scale E. Exercise; MT + E. Manual Therapy+Exercise. †, value is repeated measures ANOVA. ‡, value is one-way ANOVA. p values ≤ 0.05 are statistically significant. d. Cohen d effect size.