Table 3.
Pre- and post-treatment in cervical range of motion outcomes.
| Outcome/Group | Pre-Treatment | Post-Treatment | Within-Group † | Between-Group ‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flexion (°) | ||||
| E Group | 47.08 ± 10.77 (42.5, 51.6) |
43.67 ± 10.82 (39.1, 48.2) |
p < 0.008 |
p < 0.038 d = 0.62 |
| d = 0.37 | ||||
| MT + E Group | 47.38 ± 11.50 (42.5, 52.2) |
49.83 ± 9.13 (46.0, 53.7) |
p > 0.148 | |
| d = 0.24 | ||||
| Extension (°) | ||||
| E Group | 50.71 ± 13.44 (45.0, 56.4) |
47.46 ± 11.31 (42.7, 52.2) |
p < 0.012 |
p < 0.010 d = 0.77 |
| d = 0.26 | ||||
| MT + E Group | 54.54 ± 14.56 (48.4, 60.7) |
56.79 ± 12.81 (51.4, 62.2) |
p > 0.171 | |
| d = 0.16 | ||||
| Side-bending (Right) (°) | ||||
| E Group | 26.92 ± 8.91 (23.2, 30.7) |
26.54 ± 8.46 (23.0, 30.1) |
p > 0.531 |
p < 0.035 d = 0.63 |
| d = 0.04 | ||||
| MT + E Group | 32.29 ± 9.95 (28.1, 36.5) |
32.04 ± 9.04 (28.2, 35.9) |
p > 0.846 | |
| d = 0.03 | ||||
| Side-bending (Left) (°) | ||||
| E Group | 28.00 ± 9.17 (24.1, 31.9) |
26.25 ± 8.68 (22.6, 29.9) |
p < 0.030 |
p < 0.002 d = 0.93 |
| d = 0.20 | ||||
| MT + E Group | 30.13 ± 9.63 (26.1, 34.2) |
33.79 ± 7.47 (30.6, 36.9) |
p < 0.001 | |
| d = 0.43 | ||||
| Rotation (Right) (°) | ||||
| E Group | 52.29 ± 12.48 (47.0, 57.6) |
50.58 ± 12.45 (45.3, 55.8) |
p > 0.063 |
p < 0.006 d = 0.84 |
| d = 0.14 | ||||
| MT + E Group | 57.34 ±16.02 (50.6, 64.1) |
61.13 ± 12.75 (55.7, 66.5) |
p > 0.168 | |
| d = 0.26 | ||||
| Rotation (Left) (°) | ||||
| E Group | 54.58 ± 12.40 (49.4, 59.8) |
52.67 ± 12.26 (47.5, 57.8) |
p > 0.163 |
p < 0.001 d = 1.03 |
| d = 0.16 | ||||
| MT + E Group | 60.25 ± 15.61 (53.7, 66.8) |
64.75 ± 11.15 (60.0, 69.5) |
p > 0.082 | |
| d = 0.33 | ||||
Abbreviations: E. Exercise; MT + E. Manual Therapy+Exercise. †, value is repeated measures ANOVA. ‡, value is one-way ANOVA. p values ≤ 0.05 are statistically significant. d. Cohen d effect size.