Table 3.

Validation of proposed IoE taxonomy in distinct domains.

Category/Dimension		Applications Classified According to IoE Proposed Taxonomy Characteristics: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) [136], Crowdsourcing Applications [137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147], Applications with Analytics: [148,149,150,151,152]
Knowledge	Explicitness	Tacit [114,137,138,139,140,144,145,146,147,151,152] Explicit [136,138,139,140,142,143,144,146,147,150,151,152] Implicit [136,141,145,146,149,150,151,152]
	Structure	Structured [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152] Semi-structured [135,146,147,152] Unstructured [135,145]
	Trust	Trustful [135,148,149,150,151,152] Untrustful [137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,147]
	Outcome	Complements [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150] Substitutes [135,151,152]
	Action	Automation [135,137,150,151,152] Transformation [135,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,146,147,148,149]
Type	Presentation	Cyber [135] Physical [135,137,138,139,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152] Cyber-physical [135,140,142,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152]
	Nature	Electronic-based [135,137,148,149,150,151,152] Software-based [135,147,150] Human-based [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,151,152]
	Use	Wearables [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,152] Surroundable [135,148,149,150,151] Embeddable [140,142,150]
	Role	Sensor [137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,149,152] Actuator [152] Sensor and actuator [135,148,150,151]
	Engagement	Opportunistic [135,140,144,146,149,151] Participatory [141,142,143,145,147,148,150,152]
Observation	Location	Coarse-grained [137,138,139,141,142,143,144,147,148,149,150,151] Fine-grained [135,140,145,146,152]
	Reach	Full [137,138,139,141,142,143,144,145,147,148] Partial [135,140,146,150,151]
	Mobility	Fixed [152] Mobile [137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151]
	Time	Pull [140,145,147,148,149,150,152] Push [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,146,151,152]
	Mode	Sense [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152] Derive [135,140,145,146,149,151,152] Manually provided [142,143,148]
Capabilities	Communication	Semantic [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147] Pragmatic [135,148,149,150,151] Conceptual [152]
	Processing	Cloud [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152] Fog mobile edge: [139,140,144,145,147]
	Storage	Device level [150] Network level [149,152] Cluster level [135,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152]