Figure 1.

Overview of antigen-specific B cell targeting therapeutics under development. Various methods have been developed to target antigen-specific B cells for either tolerance induction or removal from the repertoire. These methods include (A) particle-based therapies, (B) soluble antigen arrays, (C) cell-based therapies, and (D) protein and protein fusions. These methods combine delivery and binding of antigen and associated toxic or inhibitory cargo to the target cell by virtue of recognition by the antigen receptor (BCR). Abbreviations: tolerogenic nanoparticles (tNPs), cell adhesion inhibitor peptide (LABL), chimeric auto-antibody receptor (CAAR), B-cell targeting antigen receptor (BAR)* indicates methodologies that are currently unpublished, but warrant consideration.