Table 1.
Sample characteristics stratified by cognitive status.
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | Overall | No Cognitive Impairment n = 3906 (88.5%) |
Cognitive Impairment n = 510 (11.5%) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female), n (%) | 2531 (57.3) | 2224 (56.9) | 307 (60.2) | 0.001 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 1885 (42.7) | 1682 (43.1) | 203 (39.8) | |
| Age group, n (%) | ||||
| 60–69 | 2512 (56.9) | 2366 (60.6) | 146 (28.6) | 0.001 |
| 70–79 | 1431 (32.4) | 1234 (31.6) | 197 (38.6) | |
| 80+ | 473 (10.7) | 306 (7.8) | 167 (32.7) | |
| Nutritional status, n (%) | ||||
| Underweight | 83 (1.9) | 73 (1.9) | 10 (2.0) | 0.001 |
| Normal weight | 1344 (30.4) | 1141 (29.2) | 203 (39.8) | |
| Overweight | 1809 (41.0) | 1628 (41.7) | 181 (35.5) | |
| Obese | 1180 (26.7) | 1064 (27.2) | 116 (22.7) | |
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) | ||||
| Level I–II (low) | 3371 (76.3) | 2934 (75.3) | 428 (83.9) | 0.001 |
| Level III–IV (medium) | 1007 (22.8) | 926 (23.7) | 81 (15.9) | |
| Level V–VI (high) | 38 (0.8) | 37 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | ― |
| Ethnic group, n (%) | ||||
| Indigenous | 267 (6.0) | 267 (6.8) | 0 (0.0) | ― |
| Black | 369 (8.4) | 369 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | ― |
| White | 1234 (27.9) | 1234 (31.6) | 0 (0.0) | ― |
| Others | 2036 (46.1) | 2036 (52.1) | 0 (0.0) | ― |
| Non-ethnic | 510 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) | 510 (11.5) | ― |
| Living area, n (%) | ||||
| Urban | 3406 (77.1) | 3060 (78.3) | 346 (67.8) | 0.001 |
| Rural | 1010 (22.9) | 846 (21.7) | 164 (32.2) | |
| Lifestyle outcomes, n (%) | ||||
| Alcohol | 594 (13.5) | 559 (14.3) | 35 (6.9) | 0.001 |
| Smoking | 487 (11.0) | 422 (10.8) | 65 (12.8) | |
| Non-physically active | 3555 (80.6) | 3098 (79.3) | 457 (89.8) | |
| Comorbid chronic diseases, n (%) | ||||
| HBP | 2374 (53.9) | 2077 (53.3) | 297 (58.3) | 0.001 |
| High cholesterol | 2159 (49.1) | 1930 (49.6) | 229 (45.5) | |
| Diabetes | 715 (16.2) | 635 (16.3) | 80 (15.7) | |
| Cancer (any type) | 210 (4.8) | 195 (5.0) | 15 (2.9) | |
| COPD | 443 (10.0) | 375 (9.6) | 68 (13.4) | |
| CVD | 600 (13.6) | 520 (13.3) | 80 (15.7) | |
| Stroke | 167 (3.8) | 138 (3.5) | 29 (5.7) | |
| Arthritis | 1192 (27.1) | 1075 (27.6) | 117 (23.1) | |
| Osteoporosis | 499 (11.4) | 446 (11.5) | 53 (10.4) |
Categorical variables are reported as numbers and percentages in brackets. Significant between-cognition status differences χ2. Comorbidities are reported as “presence/yes”. HBP: high blood pressure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.