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. 2021 Jan 18;14(1):72. doi: 10.3390/ph14010072

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Metabolic pathways linking proline (Pro), glutamine (Glu), arginine (Arg), and asparagine (Asn). Abbreviations: AS, argininosuccinate; ASNase, asparaginase; AsnS, asparagine synthetase; ASS1; argininosuccinate synthetase 1; GDH, glutamine dehydrogenase; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1; FH, fumarate hydratase; GLS, glutaminase; GS, glutamine synthetase; GOT, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 1; GDH, glutamine dehydrogenase; NOS, nitric oxide synthetase; OAA, oxaloacetate; OAT, Ornithine aminotransferase; OTC, ornithine transcarbamylase; P5C, pyrroline 5-carboxylate; ProDH, proline dehydrogenase; PYCR, P5C reductase. Agents used for treatments are underlined and in red; the enzymes in the pathways that have been considered as targets for therapies are boxed. CAD represents three major enzymatic steps in the biosynthesis of nucleosides from glutamine, i.e., carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-II (CPS-II), aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) and Dihydro orotase.