| GG | gellan gum |
| PEGDA | poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate |
| GO | graphene oxide |
| DMEM | Dulbecco′s modified Eagle′s medium |
| MgCl2 | magnesium chloride |
| SUP | superior layer |
| DEEP | deep layer |
| DEEP | deep layer without graphene oxide |
| SUP | superior layer without graphene oxide |
| DEEP + SUP | deep and superior layers both without graphene oxide |
| DEEP + GO | graphene oxide-embedded deep layer |
| SUP + GO | graphene oxide-embedded superior layer |
| DEEP + SUP + GO | deep and superior layers both with embedded graphene oxide |
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