Table 4.
Final linear regression models regressing PTSD, anxiety, depression, and EE measure sum scores on demographic control and workplace condition variables.
| PTSD (PTSS-14) | Anxiety (GAD-7) | Depression (PHQ-9) | Emotional Exhaustion (MBI-HSS) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p |
| (Constant) | −9.50 | −14.35–−4.65 | 0.00 | −6.46 | −7.94–−4.98 | 0.00 | −5.43 | −7.06–−3.79 | 0.00 | −1.92 | −5.27–1.43 | 0.26 |
| CONTROL VARIABLES | ||||||||||||
| Role (Direct care provider) | −1.23 | −2.96–0.49 | 0.16 | −0.61 | −1.14–−0.09 | 0.02 | −0.55 | −1.13–0.03 | 0.06 | −3.29 | −4.48–−2.10 | 0.00 |
| Sector (Acute care) | 1.04 | −0.26–2.34 | 0.12 | −0.04 | −0.44–0.36 | 0.84 | −0.19 | −0.63–0.25 | 0.39 | 0.42 | −0.48–1.32 | 0.36 |
| Geographic area (Urban/suburban) | 0.94 | −0.62–2.49 | 0.24 | −0.07 | −0.54–0.41 | 0.79 | 0.00 | −0.53–0.52 | 0.99 | −0.20 | −1.27–0.87 | 0.71 |
| Designation (RN/RPN) | 0.55 | −0.96–2.07 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.06–0.98 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.47–0.55 | 0.87 | 1.47 | 0.42–2.52 | 0.01 |
| Experience (Years of experience) | −0.08 | −0.17–0.00 | 0.06 | −0.06 | −0.09–−0.04 | 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.06–−0.01 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.15–−0.03 | 0.00 |
| KEY PREDICTORS | ||||||||||||
| Workplace safety | ||||||||||||
| Frequency of direct contact | 0.62 | 0.30–0.94 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00–0.19 | 0.06 | 0.10 | −0.01–0.21 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.16–0.60 | 0.00 |
| Concern for contracting COVID | 1.27 | 0.48–2.06 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.13–0.61 | 0.00 | 0.16 | −0.11–0.42 | 0.24 | 0.47 | −0.07–1.01 | 0.09 |
| Concern for bringing COVID home | 1.17 | 0.40–1.95 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.21–0.68 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.04–0.56 | 0.02 | 0.29 | −0.24–0.82 | 0.29 |
| Refusing unsafe work if denied appropriate PPE | 1.56 | 0.91–2.21 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.25–0.64 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.29–0.72 | 0.00 | 0.37 | −0.08–0.82 | 0.11 |
| Experienced COVID-19 symptoms | 4.12 | 2.87–5.37 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 0.86–1.63 | 0.00 | 1.53 | 1.11–1.95 | 0.00 | 1.81 | 0.94–2.67 | 0.00 |
| Resources and supplies | ||||||||||||
| Nurse staffing adequacy | 1.03 | 0.62–1.44 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.20–0.44 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.19–0.46 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 1.13–1.69 | 0.00 |
| PPE access adequacy | 0.77 | 0.31–1.23 | 0.00 | 0.08 | −0.06–0.22 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.00–0.31 | 0.05 | 0.25 | −0.07–0.57 | 0.12 |
| Organizational preparedness | ||||||||||||
| Confidence in organizational handling of the pandemic | 0.63 | 0.03–1.29 | 0.06 | 0.17 | −0.03–0.37 | 0.09 | 0.11 | −0.12–0.33 | 0.35 | 0.77 | 0.32–1.23 | 0.00 |
| Frequency of COVID-19 related policy changes | 1.30 | 0.94–1.66 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.32–0.54 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.34–0.59 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 0.65–1.15 | 0.00 |
| Transparency of pandemic-related organizational decisions | 0.67 | −0.14–1.49 | 0.10 | 0.11 | −0.13–0.36 | 0.37 | 0.18 | −0.09–0.45 | 0.20 | 0.68 | 0.12–1.24 | 0.02 |
| Organizational support | ||||||||||||
| Organizational support | 1.97 | 1.13–2.80 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.35–0.86 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.43–0.99 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 0.90–2.06 | 0.00 |
| Workplace relations | ||||||||||||
| Relationships with nursing colleagues | 2.12 | 1.28–2.96 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 0.47–0.99 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 0.46–1.03 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.45–1.61 | 0.00 |
| Relationships with manager | 1.34 | 0.44–2.23 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.08–0.62 | 0.01 | 0.15 | −0.15–0.45 | 0.33 | 0.87 | 0.25–1.49 | 0.01 |
| Relationships with the rest of allied health | 2.44 | 1.49–3.39 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.27–0.85 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.39–1.03 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.66–1.97 | 0.00 |
| Final model F-statistic, explained variance (Adjusted R2), model p | 59.98 (19, 3229) | 25.7% | 0.00 | 51.40 (19, 3245) | 22.7% | 0.00 | 40.92 (19, 3223) | 19.0% | 0.00 | 58.51 (19, 3136) | 25.7% | 0.00 |