Table 1.
Smoking behavior of smokers and the health status of children at the baseline and follow-up.
| Baseline Characteristic | Total | Cotinine Concentration | p Value c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL (n = 17) (>0.5, <2 ng/mL) |
BM (n = 17) (2~10 ng/mL) |
BH (n = 17) (>10 ng/mL) |
||||
| Smokers | ||||||
| Smoking frequency a, mean ± SD, time | 6.88 (0.62) | 6.65 (1.03) | 7.00 (0.00) | 7.00 (0.00) | 0.171 | |
| Cigarette amount b, mean ± SD, number | 19.70 (10.20) | 16.00 (8.64) | 20.75 (10.36) | 22.41 (10.41) | 0.172 | |
| Children | ||||||
| Health condition | ||||||
| good, n (%) | 45 (88) | 16 (94) | 15 (88) | 14 (82) | 0.567 | |
| bad, n (%) | 6 (12) | 1 (6) | 2 (12) | 3 (18) | ||
| Throat irritation or pain | ||||||
| yes, n (%) | 9 (18) | 4 (25) | 4 (24) | 1 (6) | 0.276 | |
| no, n (%) | 41 (82) | 12 (75) | 13 (76) | 16 (94) | ||
| Wheeze | ||||||
| yes, n (%) | 9 (18) | 1 (6) | 3 (18) | 5 (29) | 0.223 | |
| no, n (%) | 41 (82) | 15 (94) | 14 (82) | 12 (71) | ||
| Nasal obstruction | ||||||
| yes, n (%) | 12 (24) | 2 (12) | 5 (29) | 5 (29) | 0.375 | |
| no, n (%) | 39 (76) | 15 (88) | 12 (71) | 12 (71) | ||
| Follow-up characteristic | ID (n = 20) (changed cotinine concentration: ≥2 ng/mL) | INC (n = 21) (changed cotinine concentration: ±0.5 ng/mL) | ||||
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | p value | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | p value | |
| Smokers | ||||||
| Smoking frequency, mean ± SD, time | 7.00 (0.00) | 3.71 (3.14) | 0.004 d | 6.88 (0.48) | 6.59 (0.84) | 0.082 d |
| Smoking amount, mean ± SD, number | 21.38 (11.17) | 12.56 (6.63) | 0.020 d | 17.31 (9.02) | 17.24 (8.11) | 0.276 d |
| Children | ||||||
| Health condition | ||||||
| good, n (%) | 19 (95) | 20 (100) | 1.000 e | 20 (95) | 19 (90) | 1.000 e |
| bad, n (%) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 2 (10) | ||
| Throat irritation or pain | ||||||
| yes, n (%) | 2 (10) | 1 (6) | 1.000 e | 4 (19) | 0 (0) | 0.125 e |
| no, n (%) | 18 (90) | 19 (94) | 17 (81) | 21 (100) | ||
| Wheeze | ||||||
| yes, n (%) | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 0.125 e | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | / |
| no, n (%) | 16 (80) | 20 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | ||
| Nasal obstruction | ||||||
| yes, n (%) | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 0.125 e | 3 (14) | 1 (6) | 0.500 e |
| no, n (%) | 16 (80) | 20 (100) | 18 (86) | 20 (94) | ||
SD, standard deviation; BL, low-level secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at the baseline; BM, medium-level SHS exposure at the baseline; BH: high-level SHS exposure at the baseline; ID group, intervention-declined group; INC, intervention-no-changed group; SD, standard deviation; a days of smoking in the past week; b the average daily cigarette amount in the past week; c analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables; d p value of the paired Student’s t-test; and e p value of McNemar’s test.