Table 2.
Differential urinary metabolites at different levels of SHS exposure in children at the baseline.
| Metabolites | BH vs. BL | BM vs. BL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VIP | FC | p Value | FDR p | VIP | FC | p Value | FDR p | |
| Peptides | ||||||||
| Valyl-Phenylalanine | 1.83 | 1.32 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 1.92 | 1.39 | <0.001 | 0.011 |
| Ile Asn Asp | 1.82 | 1.45 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 1.52 | 1.44 | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Tyrosyl-Tryptophan | 1.74 | 2.00 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 1.67 | 1.99 | 0.007 | 0.026 |
| Arg Val Asp Gly | 1.74 | 1.49 | <0.001 | 0.011 | 1.64 | 1.49 | <0.001 | 0.011 |
| Asn Glu Val | 1.69 | 1.62 | 0.009 | 0.042 | 1.70 | 1.68 | 0.002 | 0.015 |
| Phe Leu Gly | 1.64 | 1.62 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 1.46 | 1.53 | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| Hexanoylglycine | 1.61 | 1.46 | <0.001 | 0.013 | 1.15 | 1.43 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Asp Ile Glu | 1.54 | 1.49 | 0.004 | 0.028 | 1.52 | 1.46 | 0.003 | 0.017 |
| Isonicotinylglycine | 1.37 | 1.11 | 0.003 | 0.028 | 1.28 | 1.10 | 0.012 | 0.036 |
| Gamma-Glu-Leu | 1.35 | 1.17 | 0.004 | 0.029 | 1.31 | 1.19 | 0.003 | 0.017 |
| (2S)-2-{[1-(R)-Carboxyethyl]amino}pentanoate | 1.34 | 1.39 | 0.012 | 0.050 | 1.37 | 1.42 | 0.006 | 0.023 |
| Asp Gly Pro | 1.33 | 1.17 | 0.003 | 0.026 | 1.22 | 1.15 | 0.018 | 0.044 |
| Gly Asp Tyr | 1.27 | 1.22 | 0.007 | 0.038 | 1.44 | 1.24 | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid | 1.26 | 1.11 | 0.001 | 0.020 | 1.19 | 1.10 | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Hydroxyprolyl-Valine | 1.25 | 1.15 | 0.004 | 0.031 | 1.24 | 1.13 | 0.005 | 0.022 |
| Asp Cys Arg | 1.20 | 1.22 | 0.007 | 0.037 | 1.33 | 1.22 | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Glu Val | 1.16 | 1.12 | 0.010 | 0.044 | 1.23 | 1.13 | 0.006 | 0.023 |
| DL-o-Tyrosine | 1.16 | 1.49 | 0.012 | 0.050 | 1.41 | 1.65 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Lipids | ||||||||
| LPA(P-16:0e/0:0) | 1.97 | 1.58 | 0.002 | 0.024 | 1.58 | 1.55 | 0.009 | 0.030 |
| 20-Hydroxy-leukotriene E4 | 1.65 | 1.33 | 0.001 | 0.015 | 1.77 | 1.38 | <0.001 | 0.011 |
| Avocadyne 2-acetate | 1.64 | 1.61 | 0.003 | 0.026 | 1.53 | 1.55 | 0.011 | 0.032 |
| 11-Hydroxyprogesterone 11-glucuronide | 1.52 | 1.30 | 0.007 | 0.037 | 1.51 | 1.30 | 0.015 | 0.040 |
| 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE | 1.47 | 1.27 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 1.28 | 1.23 | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| (±)-Octanoylcarnitine | 1.45 | 1.23 | 0.004 | 0.028 | 1.29 | 1.20 | 0.007 | 0.026 |
| Carbohydrates | ||||||||
| 2,8-Dihydroxyquinoline-beta-d-glucuronide | 2.01 | 1.57 | 0.008 | 0.040 | 1.39 | 1.52 | 0.007 | 0.025 |
| 5-Megastigmen-7-yne-3,9-diol 3-glucoside | 1.56 | 1.52 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 1.43 | 1.46 | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Nucleosides | ||||||||
| Deoxyadenosine | 1.47 | 1.47 | 0.004 | 0.029 | 1.63 | 1.56 | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| N4-Acetylcytidine | 1.24 | 1.15 | 0.004 | 0.031 | 1.23 | 1.15 | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| N6-Carbamoyl-l-threonyladenosine | 1.19 | 1.11 | 0.008 | 0.040 | 1.44 | 1.13 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| cAMP | 1.04 | 1.13 | 0.012 | 0.050 | 1.17 | 1.13 | 0.006 | 0.022 |
| Indoles | ||||||||
| Indole-3-acetamide | 1.35 | 1.26 | 0.002 | 0.025 | 1.07 | 1.22 | 0.008 | 0.027 |
| Indoleacrylic acid | 1.23 | 1.11 | 0.005 | 0.034 | 1.44 | 1.13 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| 5-Hydroxy-l-tryptophan | 1.23 | 1.12 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 1.28 | 1.12 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid | 1.07 | 1.15 | 0.009 | 0.043 | 1.21 | 1.11 | 0.017 | 0.042 |
| Carbonyl compounds | ||||||||
| Kynurenine | 1.50 | 1.28 | 0.001 | 0.014 | 1.41 | 1.28 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Pyridines | ||||||||
| 1-(3-Pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol | 1.64 | 1.35 | 0.003 | 0.028 | 1.29 | 1.31 | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| Piperidines | ||||||||
| Methyprylon | 1.55 | 1.70 | 0.006 | 0.037 | 1.17 | 1.79 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Flavonoid glycosides | ||||||||
| Kaempferol 3-rhamnoside 7-xyloside | 1.36 | 1.50 | 0.001 | 0.041 | 1.39 | 1.60 | 0.001 | 0.043 |
| Amines | ||||||||
| 1-Methylhistamine | 1.33 | 1.29 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 1.24 | 1.36 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
| Alcohols | ||||||||
| Pantothenic Acid | 1.24 | 1.11 | 0.003 | 0.027 | 1.39 | 1.10 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Not known | ||||||||
| Dimethylmaleic acid anhydride | 1.39 | 1.24 | 0.002 | 0.023 | 1.31 | 1.24 | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| (R)-(+)-2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid | 1.08 | 1.08 | 0.003 | 0.028 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| 4-formyl Indole | 1.04 | 1.16 | 0.007 | 0.038 | 1.15 | 1.13 | 0.014 | 0.038 |
BH, high-level SHS exposure at the baseline; BM, medium-level SHS exposure at the baseline; BL, low-level SHS exposure at the baseline; VIP, variable importance in the projection scores; FC (BH/BL), fold change, as determined by average relative quantitation obtained from the BH group/BL group, where a value of less than 1 indicates a decrease in the metabolites of group BH; FC(BM/BL), fold change, as determined by average relative quantitation obtained from the BM group/BL group, where a value of less than 1 indicates a decrease in the metabolites of group BM; and FDR p, false discovery rate corrected p value.