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. 2021 Jan 15;13(1):239. doi: 10.3390/nu13010239

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic picture illustrating immunomodulatory activities of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins in periodontitis. Some of the more important cytokines are shown in the figure. The figure was created using BioRender.com. Abbreviations shown in the figure: IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LtxA, Leukotoxin released by A. actinomycetemcomitans.