Table 1.
A summary of NRC for different concrete composites.
| Ref. | Year | Type of Specimen | Descriptions | Density (kg/m3) | α at Octave Frequency (Hz) | NRC | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage (%) | Type of Materials | Size of LWA, mm (Thic. of Specimen, mm) |
250 | 500 | 1000 | 2000 | |||||
| [44] | 2004 | Concrete with LWA | 20% | Lightweight cenospheres | 10 to 300 μm (25 mm) | 2310 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.13 |
| 40% | 2250 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.15 | |||||
| 60% | 2180 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | |||||
| [45] | 2009 | 10% | CR | <4.75 | 2170 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.18 | |
| 20% | 2110 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.18 | |||||
| [40] | 2010 | - | Expanded shale with 1.0% AE agent | 4–8 | 1254 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 1.00 | – | 0.44 | |
| - | Expanded shale with 1.0% AE agent | 8–12 | 1189 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.96 | – | 0.41 | |||
| [46] | 10% | CR | <4.75 | 2200 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||
| 20% | 2100 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.09 | |||||
| 30% | 2000 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.11 | – | 0.12 | |||||
| [47] | 2011 | Hemp concrete | 10, 15, 75% | Lime | 1060 | 0.4 | 0.48 | – | – | 0.44 | |
| [48] | 2012 | Concrete with LWA | 60% | Bottom ash | <10 | 701 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.25 |
| [49] | 2013 | Mortar with LWA | 80% | 1–10 μm | 1470 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.56 | 0.61 | |
| [50] | 2014 | Plaster with lightweight | 80% | Insulation plaster and aerogel | −(10 mm) | 300 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.06 | – | 0.06 |
| [51] | 2015 | Alkali-activated cellular concrete | 5% | Foam dosage | - | 1050 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.15 | – | 0.10 |
| 10% | - | 960 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.20 | – | 0.12 | ||||
| [52] | Pervious concrete | 1: 5 | Vermiculite | 0.5 to 4 | 640 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.78 | 0.32 | 0.35 | |
| [53] | 2016 | Hemp concrete | 0.5% and 30% | 30% GGBS and 0.5% ethyl cellulose | - | 522 | – | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.53 | 0.50 |
| 30% | GGBS | - | 505 | – | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.45 | |||
| 80%, 20%, and 0.5% | Hydrated lime, MK, and methyl cellulose | - | 469 | – | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.40 | |||
| 80% and 20% | Hydrated lime, MK | - | 493 | – | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.43 | |||
| [54] | Concrete with LWA | 20% | CR | 4–8 | 2264 | 0.06 | – | – | – | 0.05 | |
| 40% | 2156 | – | 0.45 | – | – | 0.04 | |||||
| 60% | 2026 | – | 0.54 | – | – | 0.06 | |||||
| 80% | 1858 | 0.06 | – | – | – | 0.05 | |||||
| 20% | FCR | 2313 | – | 0.30 | – | – | 0.05 | ||||
| 40% | 2139 | – | – | 0.34 | – | 0.06 | |||||
| 60% | 2032 | – | – | 0.43 | – | 0.10 | |||||
| 80% | 1851 | – | – | – | 0.23 | 0.20 | |||||
| [55] | 2017 | 10% | Miscanthus fibers | 2–4 | 1504 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.15 | |
| 20% | 1406 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.11 | |||||
| [13] | Geopolymer concrete with LWA | 80% | C and D waste | <10 | 1510 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.85 | 0.23 | 0.29 | |
| [56] | Hemp concrete | - | Hemp shiv | 5 | 590 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.91 | 0.48 | 0.45 | |
| [57] | Pervious concrete | 50% | Arlite | 700 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.46 | 0.23 | 0.22 | ||
| [58] | 2018 | Alkali-activated cellular concrete | 20–50% | Fly ash and 3:1 by mass. Adequate foam | - | 940 | – | 0.25 | – | – | 0.19 |
| 1130 | – | 0.23 | – | – | 0.24 | ||||||
| 1310 | – | 0.18 | – | – | 0.11 | ||||||
| [59] | 35% | Foam dosage | - | 600 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.94 | 0.41 | ||
| 30% | - | 720 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.42 | ||||
| 25% | - | 820 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.85 | 0.36 | ||||
| [60] | 2019 | Concrete with LWA | 50% | Polystyrene granules | 1–4 | 1810 | 0.16 | – | – | – | 0.18 |
| 50% | Polyethylene terephthalate | 1–4 | 2047 | 0.22 | – | – | – | 0.18 | |||
| 50% | Corn cob granules | size 1–6 | 1775 | 0.20 | – | – | – | 0.19 | |||
| [61] | Hemp concrete | 1:2 | Hemp shiv | - | 605 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.81 | 0.48 | 0.43 | |
| 1:2 | Hemp fiber | - | 407 | 0.19 | 0.63 | 0.83 | 0.71 | 0.59 | |||
| [62] | 2020 | GGBS-based concrete | 5–30% | GGBS as coarse and fine aggregates | 1–4 and 4–8 | 419–995 | - | 0.54 | - | - | 0.24 |
| [61] | Foam-glass concrete | 92% | Foam bubbles | 0.5–1.35 | 107–143 | - | - | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.56 | |