Table 3.
Changes in treatments and outcomes of 1645 consecutive adults with COVID-19, divided by study periods.
| Period 1 March (n=810) | Period 2 April (n=504) | Period 3 May (n=67) | Period 4 June (n=22) | Period 5 July (n=77) | Period 6 August (n=91) | Period 7 September (n=74) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | ||||||||
| Antiviral effect | ||||||||
| Remdesivir (%) | 7 | 3 | 3 | 19 | 62 | 53 | 36•5 | <0•001 |
| Symptom onset to initiating treatment with remdesivir (median, IQR) | 10 (7–12) | 10 (6•5–12) | 15 (8–19) | 6•5 (4–9) | 6 (4–8•5) | 8 (7•5–9) | <0•001 | |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir (%) | 92 | 69 | 42 | 9•5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | <0•001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine (%) | 96 | 85 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | <0•001 |
| Anti-inflammatory effect | ||||||||
| Any anti-inflammatory treatment (%) | 56 | 57 | 43 | 33 | 57 | 48 | 50 | 0•069 |
| Tocilizumab (%) | 28•5 | 34 | 7•5 | 5 | 30 | 10 | 7 | <0•001 |
| Symptom onset to initiating treatment with tocilizumab (median, IQR) | 10 (7–12) | 9 (7–12) | 13 (11–13) | – | 9 (6–10) | 8 (6–11) | 13 (1–14) | 0•127 |
| C-RP median (IQR) at initiation of tocilizumab treatment | 13 (8–20) | 14 (9–20) | 13 (7–20) | – | 13 (8–18) | 14 (8–20) | 23 (15–27) | 0•762 |
| Any anti_IL-6*(%) | 32 | 34 | 7•5 | 5 | 30 | 10 | 7 | <0•001 |
| Anakinra (%) | 6 | 13•5 | 3 | 5 | 6•5 | 3 | 0 | 0•036 |
| Methylprednisolone (%) | 36 | 31 | 27 | 29 | 13 | 20 | 9•5 | <0•001 |
| Symptom onset to initiating treatment with methylprednisolone (median, IQR) | 10 (7–14) | 10 (6–13) | 8 (4–12) | 7 (7–7) | 14 (7–18) | 16 (5–24) | 10 (4–19) | 0•363 |
| C-RP median (IQR) at initiation of methylprednisolone treatment | 12 (7–19) | 11 (6–18) | 11 (5–14) | 10 (0–22) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–6) | 8 (4–12) | 0•002 |
| Dexamethasone (%) | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 38 | 31 | 31 | <0•001 |
| Symptom onset to initiating treatment with dexamethasone (median, IQR) | 9 (6–13) | 11•5 (7•5–13) | – | – | 8 (5–10) | 8 (5–10) | 10 (8–13) | 0•009 |
| C-RP median (IQR) at initiation of dexamethasone treatment | 14 (9–22) | 13 (6–25) | – | – | 11 (5–17) | 14 (6–19) | 12 (2–23) | 0•521 |
| Prednisone (%) | 22 | 24 | 28 | 29 | 17 | 24 | 19 | 0•834 |
| Oxygen therapy | ||||||||
| Any oxygen support (%) | 28 (229/810) | 42 (211/504) | 42 (28/67) | 36 (8/22) | 40 (31/77) | 37 (34/91) | 32 (24/74) | 0•027 |
| Need of high flow oxygen (%) | 3 (26/810) | 2 (9/504) | 0 (0/67) | 9 (2/22) | 3 (2/77) | 7 (6/91) | 3 (2/74) | 0•370 |
| Antibiotic treatment | ||||||||
| Ceftriaxone (%) | 73 | 55 | 49 | 48 | 32•5 | 42 | 45 | <0•001 |
| Ceftaroline (%) | 6 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 0•223 |
| Outcomes | ||||||||
| Length of hospital stay; Median (IQR) | 8 (5–14) | 9 (6–14) | 8 (5–12) | 8 (4–10•5) | 7 (5–10) | 7 (5–11) | 8 (5–12) | 0•345 |
| ICU admission (%) | 24 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 12 | 24 | 15 | 0•048 |
| Need of VM (%) | 12 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 4 | <0•001 |
| ICU mortality (%) | 19 | 18 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0•023 |
| Early mortality (%) | 4 | 3 | 4•5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0•004 |
| 30-day mortality (%) | 11•6 | 10•3 | 7•5 | 0 | 5•2 | 3•3 | 1•4 | <0•001 |