Table 3.
Mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum values obtained for acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD).
| Parameter | Acid Oils (AO, n = 79) |
Fatty Acid Distillates (FAD, n = 13) |
p 1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Median | Min | Max | Mean ± SD | Median | Min | Max | ||
| M (g/100 g) | 1.31 ± 1.25 | 0.97 | 0.17 | 8.32 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.000 |
| I (g/100 g) | 1.95 ± 1.51 | 1.57 | 0.33 | 10.24 | 3.17 ± 2.65 | 2.85 | 0.05 | 8.74 | 0.228 |
| U (g/100 g) | 4.36 ± 1.89 | 4.20 | 1.67 | 10.06 | 2.07 ± 2.38 | 1.34 | 0.32 | 9.67 | 0.000 |
| MIU (g/100 g) | 7.62 ± 3.22 | 7.35 | 2.60 | 18.50 | 5.37 ± 3.00 | 5.11 | 0.63 | 10.44 | 0.032 |
| FFA-AC (g/100 g) 2 | 57.4 ± 8.06 | 57.0 | 36.4 | 74.7 | 79.7 ± 9.58 | 82.5 | 64.5 | 92.2 | 0.000 |
| SFA (%) 3 | 23.0 ± 10.62 | 18.5 | 14.2 | 49.1 | 59.8 ± 25.74 | 53.8 | 12.8 | 87.6 | 0.000 |
| cis-MUFA (%) 3 | 43.4 ± 15.72 | 38.9 | 22.8 | 70.7 | 33.2 ± 22.43 | 36.9 | 9.8 | 76.9 | 0.098 |
| n-6 PUFA (%) 3 | 32.2 ± 18.05 | 36.8 | 10.2 | 59.2 | 6.7 ± 3.39 | 8.5 | 2.3 | 10.9 | 0.000 |
| n-3 PUFA (%) 3 | 1.4 ± 1.03 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 5.3 | 0.3 ± 0.32 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.000 |
| n-6/n-3 ratio | 33.5 ± 43.15 | 18.5 | 9.3 | 312.7 | 27.6 ± 10.80 | 26.0 | 8.9 | 54.3 | 0.246 |
| cis-PUFA (%) 3 | 33.6 ± 18.52 | 37.3 | 11.2 | 60.7 | 7.0 ± 3.64 | 8.9 | 2.4 | 12.1 | 0.000 |
| trans-C18:1 (%) | 0.9 ± 0.82 | 0.66 | N.D. | 4.5 | 0.2 ± 0.10 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.000 |
| U/S ratio 4 | 4.0 ± 1.39 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 6.2 | 1.9 ± 1.90 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 6.8 | 0.001 |
| POL (%) 5 | 2.6 ± 1.58 | 2.5 | ND | 6.8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.000 |
| TAG (%) 5 | 23.8 ± 8.61 | 24.6 | 9.3 | 54.2 | 5.3 ± 2.12 | 5.2 | 2.1 | 8.6 | 0.000 |
| DAG (%) 5 | 16.8 ± 3.25 | 16.9 | 6.5 | 28.2 | 4.4 ± 1.34 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 6.3 | 0.000 |
| MAG (%) 5 | 4.1 ± 0.98 | 4.2 | ND | 6.2 | 0.2 ± 0.57 | 0.0 | ND | 1.6 | 0.000 |
| FFA-SE (%) 5 | 52.7 ± 7.73 | 52.9 | 31.7 | 65.3 | 90.1 ± 2.85 | 90.0 | 87.2 | 93.6 | 0.000 |
| T (mg/kg) | 1167.1 ± 1234.52 | 813.1 | 126.1 | 8464.4 | 113.8 ± 117.93 | 65.6 | 1.8 | 350.1 | 0.000 |
| T3 (mg/kg) | 48.3 ± 80.21 | 21.8 | ND | 454.7 | 179.9 ± 194.13 | 89.3 | ND | 514.0 | 0.065 |
| T+T3 (mg/kg) | 1215.4 ± 1247.57 | 840.7 | 126.1 | 8514.1 | 293.7 ± 287.64 | 192.0 | 1.8 | 853.7 | 0.000 |
| Vitamin E (mg/kg) 6 | 707.8 ± 659.12 | 489.5 | 86.7 | 3855.9 | 95.7 ± 97.32 | 63.6 | 1.1 | 285.6 | 0.000 |
Abbreviations: M, moisture and volatile matter; I, insoluble impurities; U, unsaponifiable matter; MIU, sum of moisture, insoluble impurities and unsaponifiable matter; FFA-AC, free fatty acids determined by titration (acidity); SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-6/n-3 ratio, n-6 polyunsaturated/n-3 polyunsaturated; U/S ratio, unsaturated/saturated ratio; POL, polymeric compounds; TAG, triacylglycerols; DAG, diacylglycerols; MAG, monoacylglycerols; FFA-SE, free fatty acids determined by size exclusion chromatography; T, sum of α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols; T3, sum of α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocotrienols; T + T3, sum of tocopherols and tocotrienols; ND, not detected; 1 p values were obtained from Mann Whitney U test for independent samples to compare medians between both refining groups. p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant; 2 FFA-AC (acidity) was expressed as g of oleic acid/100 g in all samples except for lauric FAD (g of lauric acid/100 g) and PFAD (g of palmitic acid/100 g); 3 Table shows the sums of fatty acids including all the identified and quantified FA, expressed as internal area normalization in %: C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C16:1 n-9, C16:1 n-7, C17:0, C18:0, trans-C18:1 (sum of positional isomers), C18:1 n-9, C18:1 n-7, C18:2 n-6, C20:0, C18:3 n-3, C20:1 n-9, C21:0, C20:2 n-6, C22:0, C23:0, C22:2, C24:0; 4 To calculate the U/S ratio to predict the dietary energy of these fat by-products through Wiseman’s equation [28] the trans-C18:1 isomers were considered saturated and as recommended by Wiseman et al. [30] FA with 12 carbons or below were considered as unsaturated FA independently of their degree of saturation. 5 In the case of the variables corresponding to lipid classes (POL, TAG, DAG, MAG and FFA-SE) of FAD, n = 8 because these variables could not be determined in the lauric FAD samples (n = 5). In all cases, lipid fractions were expressed as internal area normalization in %; 6 The total vitamin E activity (expressed as mg of α-tocopherol/kg) was calculated using the activity conversion factors given by McLaughlin and Weihrauch [31] for each T and T3.