Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for anthropometric and clinical parameters of study participants measured prior to 20 gestational weeks.
| NGT (n = 41) |
Early GDM (n = 41) |
Late GDM (n = 41) |
NGT vs. Early GDM | NGT vs. Late GDM | Early GDM vs. Late GDM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age at inclusion (weeks) | 15.2 ± 2.4 | 14.9 ± 2.4 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 40.1 ± 1.1 | 39.3 ± 1.7 | 40 ± 39.3 | 0.17 | 0.67 | 0.92 |
| Age (years) | 33.2 ± 3.8 | 33.7 ± 4 | 32.7 ± 4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.73 |
| BMI at inclusion (kg/m2) | 33.3 (32.2–35.4) | 33.3 (31.7−36.0) | 33.3 (31.7−35.9) | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 107 ± 10.7 | 107.7 ± 9.8 | 105.6 ± 8.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Neck circumference (cm) | 36.0 (35.2–37.0) | 36.0 (34.5−38.0) | 35.5 (34.6−36.9) | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
| Resting heart rate (RHR) | 79.7 ± 11.3 | 83.9 ± 12.2 | 80.0 ± 9.3 | 0.28 | 1.0 | 0.32 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.7 (4.3–4.8) | 5.2 (5−5.6) | 4.9 (4.6−5.2) | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.002 |
| 1h glucose (mmol/L) | 7.2 (5.9–7.6) | 9.0 (7.2−10.3) | 7.2 (6.2−8.3) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.002 |
| 2h glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 (4.9–6.5) | 7.3 (6.2 − 8.4) | 6.4 (5.7−7.4) | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.14 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.0 (4.8–5.4) | 5.1(5−5.4) | 5.2 (5.0−5.5) | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 11.9 (9.7–18.4) | 18.1 (13.9−25.8) | 14.6 (9.4−18.5) | 0.004 | 1.0 | 0.027 |
| 1h insulin (μU/mL) | 95.2 (57.5–161.1) | 127.7 (66.2−173) | 95.8 (52.5−175.5) | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| 2h insulin (μU/mL) | 52.2 (34.5–88.1) | 92.4 (58.4−153.7) | 59.8 (46.9−100.7) | 0.001 | 0.59 | 0.078 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.61 (1.98−3.70) | 4.25 (3.19−6.53) | 3.11 (2.13−4.19) | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.006 |
| Quicki | 0.330 ± 0.02 | 0.309 ± 0.021 | 0.325 ± 0.027 | <0.001 | 0.94 | 0.005 |
| OGIS (ml/min/m2) | 424.9 ± 56.9 | 328.7 ± 67.7 | 385.1 ± 52.8 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.022 |
| Matsuda | 2.98 (2.3−4.4) | 2.1 (1.0−3.0) | 2.83 (2.1−3.9) | 0.061 | 1.0 | 0.61 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.32 (1.13−1.60) | 1.48 (1.07−2.04) | 1.27 (0.9−1.68) | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/L) | 0.61 ± 0.19 | 0.62 ± 0.22 | 0.65 ± 0.17 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.46 ± 0.23 | 1.4 ± 0.27 | 1.49 ± 0.26 | 0.93 | 1.0 | 0.34 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.16 ± 0.81 | 2.98 ± 0.77 | 3.32 ± 0.75 | 0.94 | 1.0 | 0.17 |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 36.0 (25.2−46.1) | 31.9 (23.1−43.6) | 38.9 (29.5−47.3) | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
| Ethnicity (European/non-European) | 37/4 | 33/8 | 32/9 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 1.0 |
| Parity (Primipara/Multipara) | 18/23 | 24/17 | 26/15 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.82 |
| Previous GDM (No/Yes) | 32/1 | 22/5 | 21/0 | 0.081 | 1.0 | 0.059 |
| Smoking (No/Yes) | 37/4 | 36/5 | 36/5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.92 |
| Offspring sex (Male/Female) | 23/18 | 11/15 | 20/21 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.63 |
| Birthweight (g) * | 3548 ± 478 | 3441 ± 598 | 3557 ± 496 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviations or median (interquartile range). NGT, Normal glucose tolerance. GDM gestational diabetes. Continuous data were analyzed by either one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction if data were normally distributed or Kruskal-Wallis test or Mann-Whitney test for non-normally distributed data. Categorical data were analyzed by Chi-Square test (2-sided) or Fisher’s exact test. * N = 26 for early GDM offspring as these women were excluded from the DALI trial and follow-up was not complete. Early GDM only had values for the OGTT at baseline, as these women were excluded in the complete DALI study. HOMA-IR: Homeostatic index of insulin resistance, QUICKI: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, OGIS: Oral glucose insulin sensitivity index, Matsuda: Matsuda insulin sensitivity index. Bold font indicates statistical significance.