Table 3.
Studies investigating the role of CPU and/or CPUi as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for thromboembolic diseases during the acute phase.
| Arterial Thrombosis and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Alessi et al. 2016 [37] |
CPU/CPUi levels were monitored in 109 patients with ischemic stroke, with 41 receiving rtPA. Blood samples were collected post-admission/post-thrombolysis up to day 90 at 8 different time points. AIS patients had higher levels of CPU/CPUi at admission in comparison with the control population. In thrombolysed patients, an increase in CPU/CPUi was observed at the end of thrombolytic therapy, which lasted up to 4 h. In the non-thrombolysed group, CPU/CPUi levels did not differ over time. Both in thrombolysed as in non-thrombolysed patients, higher CPU/CPUi levels were associated with a more severe stroke and unfavorable outcome. No details available on sample collection and the use of inhibitors to prevent ex vivo proCPU activation. |
CPU + CPUi ELISA (Diagnostica Stago) |
| Leenaerts et al. 2015 [93] |
During the acute phase of myocardial infarction, CPU activity levels are higher in patients with AMI (N = 45) than in controls (N = 42). No association was found between CPU activity and AMI type (NSTEMI vs. STEMI). Intracoronary samples contained higher CPU levels than peripheral samples, indicating increased local CPU generation. Blood samples were collected at the start coronary catheterization. Blood collected in prechilled tubes containing sodium citrate, PPACK and aprotinin. Samples were immediately placed on ice after collection. |
In-house developed activity assay [92] |
| Brouns et al. 2009 [33] |
In patients with ischemic stroke (N = 12) receiving thrombolytic therapy, the amount of CPU generated is associated with evolution of the neurological deficit as well as with achieved recanalization. Blood samples were taken at 6–9 different time points before, during and after thrombolytic therapy. Blood collected in prechilled tubes containing sodium citrate, PPACK and aprotinin. Samples were immediately placed on ice after collection. |
In-house developed activity assay [139] |
| Willemse et al. 2008 [99] |
CPU activity is induced during therapeutic thrombolysis of patients with acute ischemic stroke (N = 8). Blood samples were collected at six to nine time points before, during and after thrombolysis. Blood collected in prechilled tubes containing sodium citrate, PPACK and aprotinin. Samples were immediately placed on ice after collection. |
In-house developed activity assay [139] |
AIS: acute ischemic stroke; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; CPU: carboxypeptidase U; CPUi: inactivated CPU; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; proCPU: procarboxypeptidase U (TAFI, proCPB2); rtPA: recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.