Table 2.
Summary of included studies bases on the reporting of perinatal outcomes.
| Systematic Review | Meta-Analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported Perinatal Outcome | Number of Reviewed Studies | n | Intervention | Number of Pooled Studies | n | Pooled RR/MD (95% CI) | I2 |
| Preterm Birth | 19 | 4903 | Probiotic | 11 | 2934 | RR = 1.16 (0.78–1.71) |
16% |
| 2 | 155 | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
| Weeks of Gestation | 23 | 4144 | Probiotic | 13 | 2074 | MD = 0.03 (−0.21–0.27) |
78% |
| 1 | 60 | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
| Birth Weight | 28 | 6666 | Probiotic | 13 | 3578 | MD = −5.57 (−38.48–27.34) |
0% |
| 1 | 60 | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
| Low Birth Weight | 1 | 433 | Probiotic | 0 | - | - | - |
| 0 | - | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
| Macrosomia | 10 | 1654 | Probiotic | 3 | 94 | RR = 0.84 (0.30–2.34) |
60% |
| 1 | 60 | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
| SGA | 5 | 1301 | Probiotic | 0 | - | - | - |
| 0 | - | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
| LGA | 7 | 1436 | Probiotic | 2 | 316 | RR = 0.98 (0.60–1.61) |
0% |
| 0 | - | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
| Cesarean Section | 26 | 5952 | Probiotic | 17 | 3445 | RR = 0.93 (0.83–1.04) |
0% |
| 1 | 60 | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
| Miscarriage or Stillbirth | 11 | 2595 | Probiotic | 0 | - | - | - |
| 0 | - | Synbiotic | 0 | - | - | - | |
LGA: Large for Gestational Age; MD: Mean Difference; RR: Relative Risk; SGA: Small for Gestational Age.