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. 2021 Jan 16;9(1):56. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9010056

Figure 2.

Figure 2

GM3-αGC liposomes activate natural killer T-cells (NKT) and natural killer (NK) cells and induce robust CD8+ T cell and B cell responses. GM3+adj represents GM3 liposome co-injected i.v. with αCD40/poly I:C. The activation of (A) NKT and (B) NK cells illustrated by frequency of CD25+, CD69+ and IFNγ-producing cells at 2 h p.i. with liposomes, determined by flow cytometry (C,D) The activation of antigen-specific T and B cells illustrated by frequency of MHC I-restricted OVA 257–264 peptide (SIINFEKL)+ CD8+ T cells, IFNγ production by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and the frequency of OVA+ germinal center B cells (D, left panel) determined by flow cytometry at day 7 p.i. with liposomes. (D, middle and right panels) Serum anti-OVA Ig titer determined by ELISA on day 7 p.i. The data are the mean ± SEM (A–D) or geometric mean + 95% CI (D, right panel) from one experiment with 3–5 mice per group. Each symbol represents one mouse (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001).