Figure 1.

Timeline of the experiment; the approximate duration of each block is indicated in parentheses. First, the subject was familiarized with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and motor imagination (MI), and the EEG cap was mounted. Next, the brain-computer interface (BCI) was calibrated, followed by the identification of the optimal stimulation site (hotspot) and intensity (RTh). The pre-intervention TMS, post-intervention TMS, and post-30 min intervention TMS were identical. After the pre-intervention TMS, the threshold for each subject was tested with an online BCI and changed if needed. Afterwards, the intervention started, and it was stopped when the subject reached 50 correct pairings between motor imagination (MI) and movement of the exoskeleton. The post-30 min intervention TMS started 30 min after the BCI intervention ended.