Table 2.

From which matrix-specific substances are measured.

Substance	Matrix
Cd [8,14,19,20]	❖Urine: long-term accumulation and exposure; spot urine sample is useful. ❖Blood: short-term exposure. ❖Sometimes measured from human hair, nails, saliva, breast milk, or placenta.
Pb [21,19,22,23]	❖Blood: recent exposure; plasma samples are better than whole blood samples. ❖Bone: long-term exposure. ❖Urine: long-term occupational exposures; 24 h samples are preferred. ❖Sometimes measured from human hair, nails, breast milk or placenta.
Phthalates [8,16,19,20]	❖Urine: 24 h samples are informative and reliable for daily intake; spot samples are mostly used in population-based studies. ❖Sometimes measured from saliva, meconium, semen or placenta.
PFASs [8,20]	❖Blood (serum or plasma). Sometimes breast milk.