Table 2.

CSC-targeting therapeutic approaches.

Compound	Origin	Target/Effects	References
20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3	Panax ginseng	Caspases and P53	[196,197]
Ginsenoside Rb1	Panax ginseng	Wnt/β-catenin Reduces stemness markers	[198]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Green tea	Wnt/β-catenin Inhibits ABC transporter Reduces stemness markers	[199,200]
Resveratrol	Cocoa, grapes, peanuts, berries	Wnt/β-catenin Induction of autophagy	[201,202,203]
Broussoflavonol B	Broussonetia papyrifera tree	Inhibits growth	[204]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	ABCG2 Increases radio- and chemo-sensitivity of CSCs	[205,206]
Morusin	Ramulus mori	Increases caspase-3 and BaxDecreases Bcl-2 and NF-κB/p65 Inhibits stemness markers	[207,208]
Diallyl trisulfide	Allium sativum	Wnt/β-catenin Inhibits stemness markers	[209,210]
IMD-0354	Synthetic	IKKB and NF-κB	[211]
LDE225	Synthetic	Bmi-1	[212]
NV-128	Synthetic	MAP/ERK, AMPKα1, and mTOR	[213]
Disulfiram	Synthetic	P-gp, NF-κB, ALDH, p38, and cJun Inhibits stemness markers Inhibits ubiquitin–proteasome pathway	[214,215,216,217,218,219]
PF-03084014	Synthetic	Survivin, MCL1	[220]
Sorafenib and FH535	Synthetic	Survivin	[130,221]
STX-0119	Synthetic	STAT3, survivin, and c-Myc	[222]
4 diethylaminobenzaldehyde	Synthetic	Bcl-2 and Bax	[223]
All-trans retinoic acid	Synthetic	ALDH1/FoxM1/Notch1	[224,225]
Chloroquine	Synthetic	Autophagy (Hedgehog pathway)	[226]
PTC-209	Synthetic	BMI-1	[227]
Ni(II) dithiocarbamate phenanthroline	Synthetic	Necroptosis	[228]
Os(II) bathophenanthroline	Synthetic	Necroptosis	[229]
673A		Necroptosis, ALDH1	[157]

Abbreviations: ABCG2, ATP-binding cassette transporter G2; IKKB, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase; NF-Κb, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, B-Cell lymphoma-associated X; MCL-1, myeloid cell leukemia 1; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase.