Figure 1.

HFD (high-fat diet) impacts metabolism of honey bees with or without a gut microbiota. (A) Scheme of experiment. MF (microbiota-free) and CV (conventional gut microbiota) bees were generated from pupae emerged in the lab. They were fed diets containing 1% or 5% of fats from palm or soybean oil for 7 days. (B) Body weight gain as a percentage of initial body weight for both MF and CV bees on different amounts and types of dietary fat. Each dot represents the average value of bee individuals (n = 25) from one cup cage. (C) The survival rate of bees on different groups of diets for 7 days. Each dot represents the average value of bee individuals (n = 25) from one cup cage. (D) Glucose concentration in the hemolymph of individual bees (n = 6) from different diet groups. (E) Trehalose concentration in the hemolymph of individual bees (n = 6). Significant differences between groups were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.