Table 1.
Participant characteristics by health-related quality of life group
| HRQOL groups |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCS < 50, MCS < 50 | PCS < 50, MCS ≥ 50 | PCS ≥ 50, MCS < 50 | PCS ≥ 50, MCS ≥ 50 | p value | |
| N | 2466 | 7706 | 1936 | 10,121 | |
| Key predictors | |||||
| SF-12 physical component score, median (IQR)a | 37.8 (30.1, 44.3) | 42.4 (34.1, 47.1) | 56.0 (53.3, 58.9) | 54.8 (52.8, 56.2) | <0.001 |
| SF-12 mental component score, median (IQR)b | 41.7 (35.3, 46.9) | 58.6 (55.5, 61.2) | 43.3 (36.4, 47.5) | 57.8 (55.5, 58.8) | <0.001 |
| Sociodemographic factors Age, mean (SD) | 62.4 (9.5) | 65.4 (9.3) | 61.4 (9.0) | 63.3 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| Black race, N (%) | 1364 (55.3%) | 3387 (44.0%) | 762 (39.4%) | 3687 (36.4%) | <0.001 |
| Male, N (%) | 682 (27.7%) | 2902 (37.7%) | 672 (34.7%) | 4966 (49.1%) | <0.001 |
| HPSA status (partial or complete), N (%)c | 1038 (42.1%) | 3268 (42.4%) | 858 (44.3%) | 4165 (41.2%) | 0.053 |
| Southeast region (stroke belt or buckle), N (%)d | 1519 (61.6%) | 4390 (57.0%) | 995 (51.4%) | 5417 (53.5%) | <0.001 |
| Low annual household income (< $35,000), N (%) | 1496 (60.7%) | 3545 (46.0%) | 768 (39.7%) | 2989 (29.5%) | <0.001 |
| Lack of health insurance, N (%) | 289 (11.7%) | 489 (6.3%) | 203 (10.5%) | 613 (6.1%) | <0.001 |
| Low education (< high school), N (%) | 562 (22.8%) | 954 (12.4%) | 171 (8.8%) | 647 (6.4%) | <0.001 |
| Relationship status, N (%) | |||||
| Married | 1088 (44.1%) | 4384 (56.9%) | 1002 (51.8%) | 6732 (66.5%) | <0.001 |
| Widowed | 573 (23.2%) | 1588 (20.6%) | 343 (17.7%) | 1404 (13.9%) | |
| Divorced | 506 (20.5%) | 1160 (15.1%) | 374 (19.3%) | 1351 (13.3%) | |
| Single | 183 (7.4%) | 409 (5.3%) | 160 (8.3%) | 476 (4.7%) | |
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Cigarette smoking (current smoker), N (%) | 546 (22.1%) | 1004 (13.0%) | 389 (20.1%) | 1136 (11.2%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use, N (%) | |||||
| Moderate drinking | 604 (24.5%) | 2302 (29.9%) | 724 (37.4%) | 3912 (38.7%) | <0.001 |
| Heavy drinking | 79 (3.2%) | 257 (3.3%) | 124 (6.4%) | 488 (4.8%) | |
| Medical risk factors | |||||
| Diabetes, N (%) | 710 (28.8%) | 1769 (23.0%) | 245 (12.7%) | 1213 (12.0%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, N (%)e | 1654 (67.1%) | 4875 (63.3%) | 902 (46.6%) | 4728 (46.7%) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, N (%) | 256 (10.4%) | 640 (8.3%) | 98 (5.1%) | 414 (4.1%) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy, N (%) | 104 (4.2%) | 232 (3.0%) | 41 (2.1%) | 196 (1.9%) | <0.001 |
| Medication use | |||||
| Pulmonary medications, N (%) | 337 (13.7%) | 839 (10.9%) | 129 (6.7%) | 591 (5.8%) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medications, N (%) | 1641 (66.5%) | 4878 (63.3%) | 848 (43.8%) | 4455 (44.0%) | <0.001 |
| Statins, N (%) | 681 (27.6%) | 2160 (28.0%) | 390 (20.1%) | 2312 (22.8%) | <0.001 |
| Physiological factors | |||||
| Body mass index, mean (SD)f | 31.5 (7.4) | 30.6 (6.7) | 28.5 (5.7) | 27.9 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol, median (IQR) | 50.0 (41.0, 61.0) | 50.0 (41.0, 61.0) | 52.0 (42.0, 64.0) | 51.0 (41.0, 63.0) | <0.001 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, median (IQR) | 114.0 (93.0, 138.0) | 112.0 (91.0, 136.0) | 118.0 (96.0, 141.0) | 116.0 (95.0, 138.0) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mean (SD)g | 1.2 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g), mean (SD)g | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR, median (IQR)h | 92.8 (75.4, 103.6) | 87.9 (73.1, 98.9) | 92.4 (78.7, 101.4) | 89.5 (77.5, 98.9) | <0.001 |
p values correspond with ANOVA for continuous variables that are normally distributed, Wilcoxon rank-sum (two groups) or Kruskal–Wallis (> 2 groups) for continuous variables that are skewed, and Pearson’s Chi squared or Fisher’s exact test for binary and categorical variables
Ranges from 0 to 100 and a higher score indicate better physical health
Ranges from 0 to 100 and a higher score indicate better mental health
HPSA—Health Professional Shortage Area
REGARDS study oversampled residents from the stroke belt (Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and the non-coastal regions in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) and the stroke buckle (the coastal regions within North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia)
Calculated based on self-reported hypertension, in-home visit SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90, or self-reported current medication use to control blood pressure
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
Log-transformed variable
Estimated GFR from the CKD-Epi equation