Table 6.

Household Air Pollution, indoor air pollution from solid fuel, biomass burning, and long-term health outcomes.

Environmental Risk Factor	Exposure Unit or Comparator	Exposure Temporality	Study Design	Population	Health Outcome	Studies Included	Reference	Year	I2 (%)	p-Value	Risk Estimate	Effect Size	LCI	UCI	Strength of Evidence
Household air pollution	Exposed vs. not exposed	Long-term	Case-controls	Adults, both sexes	Cervical cancer	4	[31]	2015	NR	0.45	OR	6.46	3.12	13.36	Low
					Laryngeal cancer	5	[31]	2015	NR	0.49	OR	2.35	1.72	3.21	Low
					Nasopharyngeal cancer	6	[31]	2015	NR	0.06	OR	1.8	1.42	2.29	Low
					Oral cancer	4	[31]	2015	NR	0.93	OR	2.44	1.87	3.19	Low
					Pharyngeal cancer	4	[31]	2015	NR	0.99	OR	3.56	2.22	5.7	Low
Indoor air pollution from solid fuel	Exposed vs. not exposed	Long-term	Cohort	Adults, both sexes	Hypertension	11	[32]	2020	90	0	OR	1.52	1.26	1.85	Moderate
Solid fuel use	Exposed vs. not exposed	Long-term	Cohort	Pregnant women	Low birth weight	12	[33]	2014	28	0.07	OR	1.35	1.23	1.48	Moderate
					Stillbirth	5	[33]	2014	0	0.44	OR	1.29	1.18	1.41	Moderate
					Preterm birth	3	[33]	2014	0	0.39	OR	1.30	1.06	1.59	Moderate
					Intrauterine growth retardation	2	[33]	2014	0	0.89	OR	1.23	1.01	1.49	Moderate
Biomass burning	Exposed vs. not exposed	Long-term	Case-controls	Adults, both sexes	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	16	[34]	2019	79	NR	OR	3.02	2.22	4.11	Low
			Cohort and Case-Control	Adults, both sexes	Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	8	[35]	2017	93	<0.001	OR	2.21	1.3	3.76	Moderate

LCI: lower confidence intervals; UCI: upper confidence intervals NR: No reported; OR: odds ratio.