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. 2021 Jan 15;18(2):704. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020704

Table 7.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke and long-term health outcomes.

Environmental Risk Factor Exposure Unit or Comparator Exposure Temporality Study Design Population Health Outcome Studies Included Reference Year I2 (%) p-Value Risk Estimate Effect Size LCI UCI Strength of Evidence
Environmental tobacco smoke Exposed vs. not exposed Long-term Cohort Adults, both sexes Stroke 23 [39] 2017 NR NR RR 1.15 1.06 1.24 Low
Cohort and Case-Control Women Lung cancer 41 [40] 2018 NR <0.05 RR 1.33 1.17 1.51 Low
Pregnant women Low birth weight 10 [37] 2008 54 0.009 OR 1.32 1.07 1.63 Moderate
Small for gestational age 9 [37] 2008 0 0.004 OR 1.21 1.06 1.37 Moderate
Parental smoking Exposed vs. not exposed Long-term Cohort Children Childhood obesity 6 [52] 2014 0 NR RR 1.33 1.23 1.44 Moderate
Paternal smoking Exposed vs. not exposed Long-term Case-controls Children Acute myeloid leukemia 17 [54] 2019 0.5 0.003 OR 1.15 1.038 1.275 Moderate
Exposed vs. not exposed Long-term Case-controls Children Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 10 [55] 2012 28 0.18 OR 1.15 1.06 1.24 Moderate
Maternal smoking Exposed vs. not exposed Long-term Case-controls Children Neuroblastoma 14 [53] 2019 17 NR OR 1.1 1.0 1.3 Moderate
Passive smoking Exposed vs. not exposed Long-term Case-controls Adults, both sexes Lung adenocarcinoma 18 [44] 2014 NR 0.26 OR 1.35 1.23 1.48 Low
Lung cancer 18 [44] 2014 NR 0.01 OR 1.34 1.24 1.45 Low
Lung large cell cancer 18 [44] 2014 NR 0.68 OR 1.36 1.04 1.79 Low
Lung small cell cancer 18 [44] 2014 NR 0.98 OR 1.63 1.31 2.04 Low
Lung squamous cell carcinoma 18 [44] 2014 NR 0.06 OR 1.36 1.17 1.58 Low
Pregnant women Neural tube defects 11 [46] 2018 50 0.02 OR 1.90 1.56 2.31 Low
Cohort Adults, both sexes Cardiovascular disease 38 [42] 2015 66 0 RR 1.23 1.16 1.31 Moderate
All-cause mortality 11 [42] 2015 69 0 RR 1.18 1.10 1.27 Moderate
Type 2 diabetes 7 [26] 2018 31 <0.001 RR 1.22 1.10 1.35 High
Cohort and Case-Control Women Breast cancer 51 [41] 2014 75 <0.001 OR 1.62 1.39 1.85 Moderate
Cervical cancer 14 [43] 2018 64 0 OR 1.70 1.40 2.07 Moderate
Cohort Children Asthma 41 [47] 2020 86 <0.01 OR 1.21 1.15 1.26 Low
Otitis Media 9 [48] 2014 80 0.04 OR 1.39 1.02 1.89 Low
Prenatal smoke Exposed vs. not exposed Long-term Cohort Pregnant women Schizophrenia 7 [49] 2020 71 NR OR 1.29 1.10 1.51 Low
Offspring depression 4 [50] 2017 54 0.084 OR 1.20 1.08 1.34 Low
Cohort and Case-Control Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 20 [51] 2017 79 0.000 OR 1.60 1.45 1.76 Moderate

LCI: lower confidence intervals; UCI: upper confidence intervals NR: No reported; RR: relative risk; OR: odds ratio.