Table 7.
Environmental Risk Factor | Exposure Unit or Comparator | Exposure Temporality | Study Design | Population | Health Outcome | Studies Included | Reference | Year | I2 (%) | p-Value | Risk Estimate | Effect Size | LCI | UCI | Strength of Evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental tobacco smoke | Exposed vs. not exposed | Long-term | Cohort | Adults, both sexes | Stroke | 23 | [39] | 2017 | NR | NR | RR | 1.15 | 1.06 | 1.24 | Low |
Cohort and Case-Control | Women | Lung cancer | 41 | [40] | 2018 | NR | <0.05 | RR | 1.33 | 1.17 | 1.51 | Low | |||
Pregnant women | Low birth weight | 10 | [37] | 2008 | 54 | 0.009 | OR | 1.32 | 1.07 | 1.63 | Moderate | ||||
Small for gestational age | 9 | [37] | 2008 | 0 | 0.004 | OR | 1.21 | 1.06 | 1.37 | Moderate | |||||
Parental smoking | Exposed vs. not exposed | Long-term | Cohort | Children | Childhood obesity | 6 | [52] | 2014 | 0 | NR | RR | 1.33 | 1.23 | 1.44 | Moderate |
Paternal smoking | Exposed vs. not exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Children | Acute myeloid leukemia | 17 | [54] | 2019 | 0.5 | 0.003 | OR | 1.15 | 1.038 | 1.275 | Moderate |
Exposed vs. not exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Children | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | 10 | [55] | 2012 | 28 | 0.18 | OR | 1.15 | 1.06 | 1.24 | Moderate | |
Maternal smoking | Exposed vs. not exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Children | Neuroblastoma | 14 | [53] | 2019 | 17 | NR | OR | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | Moderate |
Passive smoking | Exposed vs. not exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Adults, both sexes | Lung adenocarcinoma | 18 | [44] | 2014 | NR | 0.26 | OR | 1.35 | 1.23 | 1.48 | Low |
Lung cancer | 18 | [44] | 2014 | NR | 0.01 | OR | 1.34 | 1.24 | 1.45 | Low | |||||
Lung large cell cancer | 18 | [44] | 2014 | NR | 0.68 | OR | 1.36 | 1.04 | 1.79 | Low | |||||
Lung small cell cancer | 18 | [44] | 2014 | NR | 0.98 | OR | 1.63 | 1.31 | 2.04 | Low | |||||
Lung squamous cell carcinoma | 18 | [44] | 2014 | NR | 0.06 | OR | 1.36 | 1.17 | 1.58 | Low | |||||
Pregnant women | Neural tube defects | 11 | [46] | 2018 | 50 | 0.02 | OR | 1.90 | 1.56 | 2.31 | Low | ||||
Cohort | Adults, both sexes | Cardiovascular disease | 38 | [42] | 2015 | 66 | 0 | RR | 1.23 | 1.16 | 1.31 | Moderate | |||
All-cause mortality | 11 | [42] | 2015 | 69 | 0 | RR | 1.18 | 1.10 | 1.27 | Moderate | |||||
Type 2 diabetes | 7 | [26] | 2018 | 31 | <0.001 | RR | 1.22 | 1.10 | 1.35 | High | |||||
Cohort and Case-Control | Women | Breast cancer | 51 | [41] | 2014 | 75 | <0.001 | OR | 1.62 | 1.39 | 1.85 | Moderate | |||
Cervical cancer | 14 | [43] | 2018 | 64 | 0 | OR | 1.70 | 1.40 | 2.07 | Moderate | |||||
Cohort | Children | Asthma | 41 | [47] | 2020 | 86 | <0.01 | OR | 1.21 | 1.15 | 1.26 | Low | |||
Otitis Media | 9 | [48] | 2014 | 80 | 0.04 | OR | 1.39 | 1.02 | 1.89 | Low | |||||
Prenatal smoke | Exposed vs. not exposed | Long-term | Cohort | Pregnant women | Schizophrenia | 7 | [49] | 2020 | 71 | NR | OR | 1.29 | 1.10 | 1.51 | Low |
Offspring depression | 4 | [50] | 2017 | 54 | 0.084 | OR | 1.20 | 1.08 | 1.34 | Low | |||||
Cohort and Case-Control | Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 20 | [51] | 2017 | 79 | 0.000 | OR | 1.60 | 1.45 | 1.76 | Moderate |
LCI: lower confidence intervals; UCI: upper confidence intervals NR: No reported; RR: relative risk; OR: odds ratio.