Table 12.
Ambient temperature and short-term health outcomes.
| Environmental Risk Factor | Exposure Unit or Comparator | Exposure Temporality | Study Design | Population | Health Outcome | Studies Included | Reference | Year | I2 (%) | p-Value | Risk Estimate | Effect Size | LCI | UCI | Strength of Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ambient temperature | Maximum suicide temperature 93rd percentile vs. minimum suicide temperature | Short-term | Time-series | Adults, both sexes | Suicide | 341 | [81] | 2019 | 3.3 | NR | RR | 1.33 | 1.30 | 1.36 | Moderate |
| Orthopedic procedures during warmer periods of the year | Short-term | Time-series | Adults, both sexes | Post-operative infection | 12 | [83] | 2019 | 65 | 0.001 | OR | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.30 | Moderate | |
| High versus low temperatures | Short-term | Time-series | Pregnant women | Low birth weight | 9 | [84] | 2020 | NR | NR | OR | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.16 | Low | |
| Stillbirth | 2 | [84] | 2020 | 27.8 | NR | OR | 3.39 | 2.33 | 4.96 | Moderate | |||||
| Cold | per 1 Celsius degree decrease | Short-term | Time-series | Children <12 years | Asthma | 13 | [89] | 2017 | NR | NR | OR | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.12 | Low |
| Elderly | Cardiovascular disease mortality | 9 | [87] | 2016 | 98 | <0.0001 | RR | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Moderate | ||||
| Cerebrovascular mortality | 3 | [87] | 2016 | 60 | 0.001 | RR | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | Low | |||||
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 2 | [87] | 2016 | 0 | 0.39 | RR | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | Moderate | |||||
| Pneumonia | 5 | [87] | 2016 | 94 | <0.0001 | RR | 1.06 | 1.01 | 1.12 | Moderate | |||||
| Respiratory disease mortality | 8 | [87] | 2016 | 90 | <0.0001 | RR | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Moderate | |||||
| 10th and 1st percentile vs. 25th percentile of temperature | Short-term | Time-series | Adults, both sexes | Diabetes mortality | 9 | [82] | 2016 | NR | NR | RR | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.19 | Low | |
| Cold wave | Exposed vs. not exposed | Short-term | Time-series | Adults, both sexes | Cardiovascular mortality | 31 | [88] | 2020 | 84.3 | <0.001 | OR | 1.54 | 1.21 | 1.97 | Moderate |
| Diurnal temperature range | per 10 Celsius degrees | Short-term | Time-series | Adults, both sexes | Mortality | 308 | [98] | 2018 | NR | NR | RR | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.03 | Low |
| Heat | 90th and the 99th percentile vs. 75th percentile of temperature | Short-term | Time-series | Adults, both sexes | Diabetes mortality | 9 | [82] | 2016 | NR | NR | RR | 1.20 | 1.12 | 1.3 | Low |
| per 1 Celsius degree increase | Short-term | Time-series | Elderly | Acute renal failure | 2 | [87] | 2016 | 16 | 0.27 | RR | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | Moderate | |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality | 15 | [87] | 2016 | 99 | <0.0001 | RR | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | Moderate | |||||
| Cerebrovascular mortality | 3 | [87] | 2016 | 72 | 0.03 | RR | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.02 | Low | |||||
| Diabetes | 3 | [87] | 2016 | 25 | 0.26 | RR | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | Moderate | |||||
| Ischemic heart disease mortality | 3 | [87] | 2016 | 81 | 0.004 | RR | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.03 | Low | |||||
| Respiratory disease | 11 | [87] | 2016 | 82 | <0.0001 | RR | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.04 | Moderate | |||||
| Respiratory disease mortality | 9 | [87] | 2016 | 92 | <0.0001 | RR | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Moderate | |||||
| Heatwave | Exposed vs. not exposed | Short-term | Time-series | Adults, both sexes | Cardiovascular mortality | 36 | [86] | 2019 | 99 | <0.01 | RE | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.21 | Low |
| Respiratory mortality | 27 | [86] | 2019 | 97 | <0.01 | RE | 1.18 | 1.09 | 1.28 | Low | |||||
| Pregnant women | Preterm birth | 6 | [84] | 2020 | 44.7 | 0.11 | OR | 1.16 | 1.10 | 1.23 | Moderate |
LCI: lower confidence intervals; UCI: upper confidence intervals NR: No reported; RR: relative risk; OR: odds ratio.