Table 13.
Light, noise, radon, electromagnetic fields, and long-term health outcomes.
| Environmental Risk Factor | Exposure Unit or Comparator | Exposure Temporality | Study Design | Population | Health Outcome | Studies Included | Reference | Year | I2 (%) | p-Value | Risk Estimate | Effect Size | LCI | UCI | Strength of Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artificial light exposure at night | High exposed vs. low exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Women | Breast cancer | 6 | [91] | 2014 | 1.9 | 0.4 | RR | 1.17 | 1.11 | 1.24 | Moderate |
| Outdoor light exposure | High exposed vs. low exposed | Long-term | Cohort | Children | Myopia | 4 | [90] | 2019 | 91 | 0.02 | OR | 0.57 | 0.35 | 0.92 | Low |
| Ultraviolet radiation | High exposed vs. low exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Adults, both sexes | Epstein–Barr Virus positive Hodgkin lymphoma |
4 | [92] | 2013 | NR | 0.10 | OR | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.96 | Low |
| Recreational sun exposure | High exposed vs. low exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Adults, both sexes | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 4 | [93] | 2008 | NR | 0.001 | OR | 0.76 | 0.63 | 0.91 | Moderate |
| Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields | High exposed vs. low exposed | Long-term | Cohort and Case-Control | Adults, both sexes | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | 5 | [67] | 2016 | 58 | 0.34 | RR | 1.30 | 1.10 | 1.60 | Low |
| High vs. low current wiring configuration codes | Long-term | Cohort and Case-Control | Children | Childhood leukemia | 6 | [99] | 1999 | NR | NR | OR | 1.46 | 1.05 | 2.04 | Low | |
| Indoor radon | Exposed vs. not exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Adults, both sexes | Lung cancer | 31 | [100] | 2019 | NR | NR | OR | 1.14 | 1.08 | 1.21 | Low |
| High exposed vs. low exposed | Long-term | Case-controls | Children | Leukemia | 7 | [101] | 2012 | 9 | 0.36 | OR | 1.37 | 1.02 | 1.82 | Moderate | |
| Noise | High exposed vs. low exposed | Long-term | Cohort | Adults, both sexes | Diabetes | 5 | [94] | 2018 | 31 | 0.18 | HR | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.07 | Moderate |
| per 5 dB | Hypertension | 5 | [95] | 2017 | 51 | 0.086 | RR | 1.20 | 1.09 | 1.31 | Low | ||||
| Road traffic noise | per 5 dB | Long-term | Cohort | Adults, both sexes | Diabetes | 3 | [94] | 2018 | 33 | 0.222 | HR | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.12 | Moderate |
| per 10 dB (Lden) | Ischemic heart disease | 7 | [97] | 2018 | NR | NR | RR | 1.08 | 1.01 | 1.15 | Low | ||||
| Men | Hypertension | 2 | [96] | 2018 | 0 | <0.001 | RR | 1.62 | 1.02 | 1.09 | High |
LCI: lower confidence intervals; UCI: upper confidence intervals NR: No reported; RR: relative risk; OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio.