Table 4.
Comparison of anxiety and depression amongst Malaysian HCWs with identical studies from other nations.
| Previous Studies and Country of Origin | Instruments Used | Sample Size Estimated Mean (E.M) | Current Study’s Sample Size with Estimated Mean (E.M) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | One Sample t-Test, p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atif K et al. [27]—Pakistan | n = 220 doctors | n = 139 doctors | |||
| HADS-A | 7.04 | 6.78 | −0.26 (−0.96, 0.44) | 0.465 | |
| HADS-D | 4.94 | 5.2 | 0.26 (−0.47, 0.97) | 0.48 | |
| Xiao Y et al. [28]—China | n = 205 ED doctors | n = 34 ED doctors | |||
| HADS-A | 7.8 | 7.68 | −0.12 (−01.42, 1.18) | 0.853 | |
| HADS-D | 7.9 | 5.56 | −2.34 (−3.78, −0.9) | <0.01 | |
| Schmidt DR et al. [29]—Brazil | n = 211 nurses | n = 50 nurses | |||
| HADS-A | 6.3 | 6.5 | 0.2 (−0.89, 1.29) | 0.715 | |
| HADS-D | 5.2 | 4.4 | −0.8 (−1.57, −0.03) | 0.042 |
HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (Anxiety). HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Depression). ED: Emergency Department. CI: confidence interval.