Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review.
| Cancer Site | Study Design * | First Author/Publication Year | Study Location | Age ** | Race | Cases/Controls | Women (%) | Modifiable Factors | Case/CC | Case/CG | Case /GG | Control/CC | Control/CG | Control /GG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colon/rectum | N CC | Vogel 2007 [29] | Denmark | 59/56 | NR | 355/753 | 44% | Alcohol | 252 | 96 | 7 | 550 | 190 | 13 |
| Colon/rectum | PB CC | Murtaugh 2005 [23] and Slattery 2005 [24] | USA | 30–79 | NH White, Hispanic, Black, Asian, and Native American |
1577/1971 (colon) 794/1001 (rectum) |
45% (colon) 42% (rectum) |
Dietary fats, energy, dietary antioxidants and food items ≠ | 1234 606 |
343 188 |
1493 790 |
478 211 |
||
| Colon/rectum | HB CC | Landi 2003 [26] | Spain | <58–>75 | NR | 377/326 | 43% | Vitamin A | 311 | 46 | 3 | 243 | 61 | 5 |
| Colon/rectum | HB CC | Jiang 2005 [25] | India | 20–75 | Asian | 301/291 | 36% | Fish intake | 240 | 57 | 4 | 230 | 57 | 4 |
| Colon/rectum | HB CC | Kuriki 2006 [30] | Japan | 57.9 (study 1) 58.9 (study 2) |
NR | 128/238 (study 1) 257/771 (study 2) |
48% (study 1) 37% (study 2) |
Meat, milk, and other food items ≠ | 120 248 |
7 9 |
221 732 |
17 37 |
||
| Colon/rectum | HB CC | Kim 2018 [31] | Korea | 58.2 | Asian | 971/658 | 44% | Red meat intake | 886 | 82 | 3 | 607 | 51 | 0 |
| Prostate | N CC | Paltoo 2003 [28] | Finland | 60.5 | NR | 193/188 | 0% | Dietary fat | 121 | 64 | 8 | 128 | 54 | 6 |
| Breast | N CC | Peterson 2012 [27] | Denmark | 57/57 | NR | 798/798 | 100% | Alcohol | 616 | 167 | 15 | 569 | 209 | 20 |
*: CC: Nested case-control study; HB CC: Hospital-based case-control study; PB CC: Population-based case-control study; BMI: Body mass index; NH: Non-Hispanic; NR: Not reported; **: Age is shown as mean/median among all participants, median among cases/controls [27,29], or the range among all participants [23,24,25,26].; ≠ Kuriki 2006 [30] included meat, milk, beef and pork, processed meat, poultry, fish, egg, milk, yogurt, mayonnaise, fried food, deep-fried food; Murtaugh 2005 [23] included dietary fats (total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol), dietary antioxidants (total tocopherol, β-Carotene, lutein, lycopene, vitamin C), foods (vegetables, refined grain, whole grain and Western and Prudent dietary patterns).