Figure 1.

(A) DNA vaccines employ a plasmid, which gets translated to a tumor-associated antigen. (B) Cell-based vaccines utilize whole cells as a source of antigen. (C) Viral-vector based vaccines are based on the process of transfecting the host cell with a viral vector, that contains a gene which encodes a tumor-associated antigen. (D) Peptide-based vaccines consist of subunits of an epitope of a tumor-associated antigen, sometimes presented in a multimeric format (e.g., virus-like particles (VLPs)) to elicit an effective immune response.