TABLE 3.
Adjusted hazards ratios of metformin association with lactic acidosis in a nested case‐control study stratified by CKD stage
| Variable | Adjusted Hazard Ratio* | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Current Metformin exposure at event/matched control | ||
| CKD stage 1 or 2 | 0.83 | 0.54‐1.27 |
| CKD stage 3a | 2.26 | 1.59‐3.19 |
| CKD stage 3b | 3.69 | 2.11‐6.43 |
| CKD stage 4 or 5 | 5.96 | 2.62‐13.57 |
| Metformin exposure within 3 months prior to event/matched control | ||
| CKD stage 1 or 2 | 1.05 | 0.71‐1.57 |
| CKD stage 3a | 3.09 | 2.19‐4.35 |
| CKD stage 3b | 3.34 | 1.95‐5.72 |
| CKD stage 4 or 5 | 7.87 | 3.51‐17.61 |
| Metformin exposure within 6 months prior to event/matched control | ||
| CKD stage 1 or 2 | 1.04 | 0.72‐1.52 |
| CKD stage 3a | 2.24 | 1.58‐3.16 |
| CKD stage 3b | 3.85 | 2.34‐6.36 |
| CKD stage 4 or 5 | 5.19 | 2.66‐10.13 |
Adjusted for baseline characteristics: diagnoses of atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia, carotid revascularization, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. Also adjusted for event time characteristics: eGFR, diagnosis of cancer, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, human immunodeficiency virus infection, liver failure, obstructive coronary disease, respiratory failure, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, dementia, and sepsis. Medications adjusted for at event time: antihypertensive medications, anti‐arrhythmic medications, anticoagulants, antipsychotic medications, nitrates, statins, isoniazid, and HIV medications.