Fig. 5.

Schematic representation of ADCC and ADP induced by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). A cell infected with SARS-CoV-2 expresses viral antigens on its surface, that allows certain NAbs to attach to the plasma membrane. The NK (natural killer) cells (A) and phagocytes (B) are then activated via the receptor for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulins. The NK cells then release cytolytic granules (granzymes and perforins), and phagocytes internalize the virus-infected cell in the phagolysosome. Both cytolytic granules and phagolysosome destroy the infected cell recognized by the NAbs.

ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; ADP, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP).