Fig. 2.

Increased activation of CD8⁺ T cells in critical coronavirus disease 2019 patients.

Levels of Ai) naïve CD4⁺ (CD45RACD4⁺) ii) memory CD4⁺ (CD45ROCD4⁺) and activated CD4⁺ expressing either CD38⁺ (CD38⁺HLADRCD4⁺) (iii) or CD38⁺ and HLADR (CD38⁺HLADR⁺CD4⁺) (iv) as well as v) naïve CD8⁺ (CD45RACD8⁺) vi) memory CD8⁺ (CD45ROCD8⁺) and activated CD8⁺ expressing either CD38⁺ (CD38⁺HLADRCD8⁺) (vii) or CD38⁺ and HLADR (CD38⁺HLADR⁺CD8⁺) (viii) by flow cytometric analysis gated on either CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ respectively of non-intubated and intubated patients. B) Levels of cellular subtypes in intubated patients upon recovery. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test or Wilcoxon test where applicable. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.