Table 1.
Participant characteristics according to tertiles of the plasma concentration of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO).
| Characteristic | All (n = 448) | Tertile 1 (n = 147) (<3.93 μmol/L) |
Tertile 2 (n = 149) (3.93 to 8.07 μmol/L) |
Tertile 3 (n = 152) (>8.07 μmol/L) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men, n (%) | 238 (53.1%) | 70 (47.6%) | 79 (53.0%) | 89 (58.6%) | 0.17 |
| Age, year | 52.71 (13.09) | 50.32 (13.14) | 53.43 (12.64) | 54.32 (13.23) | 0.02 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.41 (4.79) | 26.47 (5.01) | 26.14 (4.37) | 26.63 (4.97) | 0.67 |
| SBP, mmHg | 135.85 (17.56) | 135.25 (15.58) | 134.47 (17.55) | 137.77 (19.24) | 0.24 |
| DBP, mmHg | 81.86 (10.95) | 82.35 (10.49) | 81.50 (10.85) | 81.73 (11.54) | 0.79 |
| Heart Rate, bpm | 67.97 (11.67) | 68.20 (11.58) | 68.03 (11.63) | 67.69 (11.86) | 0.93 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.20 (4.70, 5.90) | 5.30 (4.80, 5.70) | 5.15 (4.70, 5.90) | 5.30 (4.70, 6.00) | 0.69 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.88 (0.94) | 1.80 (0.91) | 1.89 (1.01) | 1.95 (0.89) | 0.21 |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.12 (1.14) | 5.18 (1.15) | 5.11 (1.19) | 5.07 (1.08) | 0.72 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.37 (0.46) | 1.47 (0.48) | 1.35 (0.44) | 1.31 (0.46) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.80 (5.50, 6.10) | 5.80 (5.45, 6.25) | 5.70 (5.40, 6.00) | 5.80 (5.50, 6.10) | 0.32 |
| TMAO, μmol/L | 5.66 (3.08, 11.20) | 2.41 (1.44, 3.06) | 5.62 (4.82, 6.69) | 15.09 (11.08, 22.11) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 49.93 (19.38) | 62.12 (16.70) | 49.35 (15.58) | 38.71 (18.23) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| G1 | 12 (2.7%) | 8 (5.4%) | 2 (1.3%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| G2 | 125 (27.9%) | 72 (49.0%) | 38 (25.5%) | 15 (9.9%) | |
| G3a | 115 (25.7%) | 41 (27.9%) | 47 (31.5%) | 27 (17.8%) | |
| G3b | 128 (28.6%) | 25 (17.0%) | 47 (31.5%) | 56 (36.8%) | |
| G4 | 62 (13.8%) | 1 (0.7%) | 15 (10.1%) | 46 (30.3%) | |
| G5 | 6 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (3.9%) | |
| UAE, mg/24 h | 43.97 (11.75, 207.12) | 37.70 (9.62, 177.82) | 30.55 (8.48, 108.65) | 90.03 (16.54, 384.67) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 56 (13.2%) | 15 (11.1%) | 16 (11.3%) | 25 (17.0%) | 0.24 |
| Alcohol consumption, g/day | 2.20 (0.04, 10.47) | 2.01 (0.03, 11.33) | 2.49 (0.06, 9.65) | 2.62 (0.03, 10.33) | 0.94 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 2138.61 (613.46) | 2204.56 (558.62) | 2137.56 (650.91) | 2072.21 (626.80) | 0.21 |
| Egg intake, g/day | 8.93 (4.46, 14.29) | 8.93 (4.46, 14.29) | 7.14 (4.46, 14.29) | 8.93 (7.14, 14.29) | 0.25 |
| Vegetable intake, g/day | 107.00 (71.50, 147.90) | 110.71 (81.69, 144.21) | 112.67 (72.81, 156.02) | 95.75 (65.83, 140.15) | 0.10 |
| Fruit intake, g/day | 105.43 (49.71, 191.53) | 90.11 (39.63, 178.02) | 123.79 (53.07, 212.64) | 99.43 (52.71, 191.41) | 0.25 |
| Fiber intake, g/day | 20.86 (16.32, 26.39) | 21.07 (15.88, 27.15) | 21.47 (17.93, 28.23) | 19.95 (15.28, 25.29) | 0.08 |
| Fish and sea food intake, g/day | 10.81 (4.42, 18.71) | 9.94 (3.89, 17.07) | 10.69 (4.68, 16.93) | 14.87 (4.68, 22.96) | 0.02 |
| Meat intake, g/day | 83.82 (60.95, 100.30) | 84.06 (59.58, 102.90) | 80.51 (64.76, 98.25) | 84.60 (59.92, 99.49) | 0.86 |
| Transplant vintage, year | 4.95 (1.59, 11.54) | 4.88 (1.79, 10.26) | 4.08 (1.31, 10.58) | 6.14 (1.76, 14.43) | 0.09 |
| Preemptive, n (%) | 69 (17.5%) | 28 (20.9%) | 26 (20.3%) | 15 (11.3%) | 0.07 |
| Living donor, n (%) | 158 (35.3%) | 62 (42.2%) | 57 (38.3%) | 39 (25.7%) | 0.007 |
| HLA-A,-B broad antigen mismatch, n (%) | 0.99 | ||||
| 0 | 94 (22.8%) | 29 (21.6%) | 32 (22.7%) | 33 (23.9%) | |
| 1 | 97 (23.5%) | 35 (26.1%) | 33 (23.4%) | 29 (21.0%) | |
| 2 | 151 (36.6%) | 48 (35.8%) | 51 (36.2%) | 52 (37.7%) | |
| 3 | 46 (11.1%) | 14 (10.4%) | 16 (11.3%) | 16 (11.6%) | |
| 4 | 25 (6.1%) | 8 (6.0%) | 9 (6.4%) | 8 (5.8%) | |
| HLA-DR broad antigen mismatch, n (%) | 0.49 | ||||
| 0 | 175 (42.6%) | 60 (45.1%) | 55 (39.0%) | 60 (43.8%) | |
| 1 | 192 (46.7%) | 60 (45.1%) | 66 (46.8%) | 66 (48.2%) | |
| 2 | 44 (10.7%) | 13 (9.8%) | 20 (14.2%) | 11 (8.0%) | |
| Tacrolimus, n (%) | 68 (17.2%) | 17 (12.7%) | 22 (17.2%) | 29 (21.8%) | 0.14 |
| Cyclosporine, n (%) | 173 (43.8%) | 48 (35.8%) | 60 (46.9%) | 65 (48.9%) | 0.07 |
| Azathioprine, n (%) | 72 (18.2%) | 21 (15.7%) | 17 (13.3%) | 34 (25.6%) | 0.02 |
| Mycophenolic acid, n (%) | 262 (66.3%) | 98 (73.1%) | 90 (70.3%) | 74 (55.6%) | 0.005 |
| Prednisolone dose, mg/day | 10.00 (7.50, 10.00) | 10.00 (7.50, 10.00) | 10.00 (7.50, 10.00) | 10.00 (7.50, 10.00) | 0.42 |
| Statins, n (%) | 233 (52.0%) | 70 (47.6%) | 73 (49.0%) | 90 (59.2%) | 0.09 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 177 (39.5%) | 47 (32.0%) | 55 (36.9%) | 75 (49.3%) | 0.007 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BPM, beats per minute; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UAE, urinary albumin excretion; HLA, human leukocyte antigen.