Table 5.

Multivariable regression of total billing cost

	Estimate	95% CI	P value
Patient demographics
Male	−$79 578	−$199 772–$40 615	0.18
Age (years)
<40	Ref.
40–64	−$5385	−$89 424–$78 655	0.90
>64	$39 818	−$138 111–$217 747	0.65
Out-of-town visitor	−$50 191	−$306 275–$205 893	0.69
Injury context
Motor vehicle involvement	$17 812	−$124 103–$159 728	0.80
Helmet use	−$159 708	−$413 329–$93 913	0.21
Any intoxication*	$231 377	$32 501–$430 254	0.02
Clinical course
BIBA†	−$10 475	−$111 059–$90 110	0.83
Number of consultations
0–1	Ref.
>2	$200 339	$47 452–$353 226	0.01
Injuries
ISS
<6	Ref.
6–9	$2930	−$168 469–$174 329	0.97
10–14	$6862	−$202 951–$216 676	0.95
>14	$25 815	−$258 010–$309 640	0.85
Primary Injury
Orthopedic	Ref.
Facial	−$67 604	−$239 177–$103 969	0.42
Cranial	$57 648	−$161 254–$276 550	0.59
Intracranial bleed‡	$ 75 528	$ 63 169 to $87 887	0.04
TBI	$360 898	$116 228–$605 568	0.006
Extremity fracture	−$60 896	−$225 661–$103 870	0.45
Face fracture	$102 330	−$103 647–$308 308	0.31

*Intoxication defined as defined by clinical evaluation, positive BAL or urine toxicology.

†Patient brought in by ambulance (BIBA).

‡Intracranial head bleeds including subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma and intraventricular hemorrhage.

ISS, Injury Severity Score; TBI, traumatic brain injury.