Table 2.

Characteristics of included peer-reviewed articles (n = 53).

Publication and Overall Purpose	Journal and Publication Type	Authors’ Primary Clinical Expertise	Patient, Family, or Provider Experience	Primary Communication Topic	Resources Provided	Evidence-based	Theoretical Model
Adams [52]	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Summary with case	Physician	Provider	Goals of care	✓
Challenges and recommendations for goals of care discussions
Chen [53]	Critical Care Alert, Summary	Physician	Provider	Moral distress
Ethical considerations in the intensive care unit
Akgun, Shamas, et al [54]	Heart & Lung, Summary	Physician	Provider	Grief and bereavement
Practical and actionable communication strategies
Back, Tulsky, Arnold [55]	Annals of Internal Medicine, Summary	Physician	Provider	Advance care planning	✓		✓
Pro-active care planning, explaining resource allocation
Barello, Palamenghi, Graffigna [56]	Patient Education and Counseling, Survey	Other	Provider	Empathy and compassion		✓
“C.O.P.E.” Project (COVID 19 – related Outcomes of health Professionals during the Epidemic)
Bergman, et al. [57]	Annals of Family Medicine, Summary	Physician	Provider	Telehealth	✓
Possible ways relationships develop in different health care encounters
Bowman, et al. [58]	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Summary	Nurse	Provider	General patient communication	✓
Training gaps in symptom management and patient communication
Brucato [59]	Journal of Communication in Healthcare, Interview	Physician	Provider	General patient communication
Importance of communication as part of effective pandemic response in clinical settings
Carico, Sheppard, Thomas [60]	Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Summary	Other- Pharmacy	Provider	Prevention	✓		✓
Overview of Health Belief Model with a guide to patient communication in these uncertain contexts
Cordero & Davis [61]	Journal of Patient Experience, Summary	Physician	Provider	General patient communication
Offers practical tools for communication that can mitigate interpersonal bias
Dhavale et al. [62]	Indian Journal of Palliative Care, Qualitative	Social Work	Provider	General patient communication
Describe challenges of patients and caregivers during the lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic
Diamond, Jacobs, Karliner [63]	Patient Education and Counseling, Editorial	Physician	Provider	General patient communication	✓
Algorithm approach to overcome language barrier for limited English proficient patients
Fan, et al. [64]	World Journal of Clinical Cases, Summary	Nurse	Patient	General patient communication
Common issues of being in isolation were raised and strategies offered
Feder et al. [65]	Heart & Lung, Summary	Physician	Provider	General patient communication	✓
Application of core palliative care principles during COVID-19 crisis
Finset, et al. [66]	Patient Education and Counseling, Summary	Other- Multidisciplinary	Provider	Prevention
Implementation of health communication in the COVID-19 crisis
Gaur, et al. [67]	Journal of Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine, Summary	Physician	Provider	Advance care planning	✓	✓
Proposes an evidence-based COVID-19 Communication and Care Planning Tool allowing for informed consent and shared decision making
Gharzai, et al. [68]	Journal of the American Medical Association, Qualitative	Physician	Provider	Prognosis/End of life care	✓	✓
Identify clinical scenarios that pose communication challenges with patient reactions
Gibbon, et al. [69]	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Summary	Physician	Provider	Prognosis/End of life care	✓
Developed a point-of-care tool to summarize outcome data for critically ill patients with COVID-19
Hart, et al. [70]	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Summary	Physician	Family	Goals of care	✓
Toolbox of strategies for supporting family-centered in-patient care during COVID-19
Hauser [71] Health care	Hasting Center Report, Personal Narrative	Physician	Provider	General patient communication
professionals disconnect with patients and families
Hector [72]	Caring for the Ages: Journal of Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine, Summary	Social Work	Provider	Grief and bereavement	✓
Proactive communication and collaboration with families during COVID-19
Hill [73]	The Diabetic Foot Journal, Summary	Other	Provider	Goals of care
Explores the role and influence of patient and healthcare professional communication in the context of diabetes and diabetes-related foot problems
Holstead & Robinson [74]	Journal of Clinical Oncology, Summary	Physician	Provider	Telehealth		✓	✓
Strategies to help maintain a high standard of care and communication with patients
Houchens & Tipirneni [75]	Journal of Hospital Medicine, Summary	Physician	Provider	General patient communication
Challenges arising from communicate barriers in the time of COVID-19
Julka-Anderson [76]	Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Personal Narrative	Other-Radiation Therapist	Provider	Telehealth			✓
Adapting communication skills
Lewin [77]	Canadian Medical Association Journal, Summary	Physician	Provider	Goals of care
Making treatment recommendations during COVID-19 pandemic
Lewis [78]	American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, Summary with Case	Physician	Provider	Goals of care
Facilitating goals-of-care during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lu [79]	Journal of Palliative Medicine, Summary	Physician	Provider	Goals of care	✓
Establishing communication strategies for kidney disease in context of COVID-19
Marra, et al. [80]	Critical Care Bio Medical Central, Summary	Physician	Provider	General patient communication
Highly compromised verbal and nonverbal communication in the COVID-19 pandemic
McNairy, Bullington, Bloom-Feshbach [81]	Journal of General Internal Medicine, Personal Narrative	Physician	Provider	Empathy and compassion
Recommend using technology to improve doctor-patient communication during COVID-19
Montauk, Kuhl [82]	Psychological Trauma, Summary	Nurse	Provider	Grief and bereavement
Recommendations to support family members of COVID-19 patients in the ICU
Negro, Mucci, et al [83]	Intense & Critical Nursing, Summary	Nurse	Provider	Telehealth	✓
Recommend video conference with family of COVID-19 patients in the ICU
Nemetz, Urbach, Devon [84]	Journal of Medical Internet Research, Summary	Physician	Provider	Telehealth
To resolve communication challenges including preparation, professionalism, empathy, respect, and the virtual physical examination
Pahuja, Wojcikewych [85]	Journal of Palliative Medicine, Summary with Case	Physician	Provider	Prognosis/End of life care
To present a case of inadvertently created barriers to routine palliative intervention
Prestia [86]	Nurse Leader, Summary	Nurse	Provider-Leadership	Moral distress
Offers suggestions on staying resilient and upholding one’s moral obligations during COVID-19
Raftery, Lewis, Cardona [87]	Gerontology, Summary	Nurse	Provider	Advance care planning
Proposes nurse-led and allied health-led ACP discussions to ensure patient and family inclusion and understanding of the disease prognosis, prevention of overtreatment, and potential out comes in crisis times
Ramachandran [88]	Anesthesia Reports, Personal Narrative	Physician	Patient	Empathy and compassion
To present a junior doctor’s view of how COVID-19 was managed by the health system and a personal view of his COVID-19 experience
Rathore, Puneet, et al [89]	Indian Journal of Palliative Care, Summary	Physician		Empathy and compassion			✓
Proposes a model of CARE approach for providing holistic care during the times of pandemic
Ritchey, Foy, McArdel [90]	American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, Summary with Case	Physician	Provider	Telehealth		✓
Describes a case illustrating the successful use of palliative care telehealth in the care of a COVID-19-positive patient at the end of life
Robblee, Buse, et al [91]	Headache, Summary with scenarios	Physician	Provider	Moral distress
To describe 11 scenarios of unhelpful and dysfunctional messages heard by the authors and their colleagues during the COVID-19 pandemic
Rosenbluth, Good [92]	Journal of Hospital Medicine, Summary	Physician	Provider	General patient communication
To discuss challenges during COVID-19 pandemic
Schlögl, A. Jones [93]	Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Summary	Physician	Provider	Empathy and compassion
To provide recommendations to improve mindful communication
Schrager [94]	American Academy of Family Physicians, Summary	Physician	Provider	Empathy and compassion
To present recommendations for providers to stay connected with patients during COVID-19 pandemic
Selman, Chao, et al. [95]	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Summary	Other: Ph.D. Researchers	Provider	Grief and bereavement	✓	✓
Recommendations for hospital clinicians on bereavement support
Simpson, Porter [96]	Houston Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, Personal Narrative	Physician	Provider	General patient communication
To provide recommendations to
improve patient-provider relationship during COVID-19 pandemic
Sirianni, Torabi [97]	Canadian Family Physician, Summary	Physician	Provider	Goals of care	✓	✓
To provide recommendations to improve communication during COVID-19 pandemic
Siropaides, Sulistio, Reimold [98]	Circulation, Summary	Physician	Provider	Prevention	✓
To provide recommendations to optimize communication to patients with cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic
Sivashanker, Mendu, et al [99]	The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, Summary	Physician	Provider	Prevention	✓
To develop a pragmatic COVID-19 exposure disclosure checklist to improve communication
Stilos, Moore [100]	Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal, Summary	Nurse and Physician	Provider	Prognosis/end of life care
To discuss the challenges for communication during COVID-19 pandemic
Ting, Edmonds, et al [101]	BMJ, Summary	Physician	Provider	General patient communication	✓
To provide recommendation for communication and palliative care during COVID-19
Underwood [102]	Journal of Aesthetic Nursing, Summary	Other: CEO	Provider	General patient communication
Reinventing patient communication to stay connected
Wallace, Wladkowski [103]	Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Summary	Social Work	Provider	Grief and bereavement	✓
To describe the relationship of the COVID-19 pandemic to anticipatory grief, disenfranchised grief, and complicated grief for individuals, families, and their providers
Wolf, Waissengrin [104]	The Oncologist, Summary with Case	Physician	Provider	Telehealth			✓
To provide recommendations for telehealth communication