Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies (n = 93):
| Study | Preprint | Setting | Frontline | Country | Month | Measure | Events | Total Sample | Instrument | Cut Off |
NOS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cai et al., (2020) | No | NG | NG | China | February | Stress | 72 | 546 | SCL-90 | ≥160 | Moderate |
| 2 | Z. Zhu et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Stress | 1130 | 3417 | IES-R | ˃33 | Low |
| Anxiety | 863 | 3417 | GAD-7 | ≥8 | ||||||||
| Depression | 489 | 3417 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 3 | Choudhury et al., (2020) | No | NG | Mixed | UK | April | Stress | 7 | 23 | PSS-4 | NG | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 7 | 23 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 6 | 23 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 4 | Lai et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | January | Stress | 569 | 764 | IES-R | ≥26 | Low |
| Anxiety | 360 | 764 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 409 | 764 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Insomnia | 292 | 764 | ISI | ≥15 | ||||||||
| 5 | Liu et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Stress | 432 | 2826 | SRQ-20 | ≥7 | Low |
| Anxiety | 497 | 2826 | SAS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| Depression | 1108 | 2826 | SDS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 6 | Yin et al., (2020) | No | NG | NG | China | February | Stress | 110 | 246 | PCL-5 | ≥33 | Moderate |
| 7 | J. Zhu et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Anxiety | 24 | 86 | SAS | ≥50 | Moderate |
| Depression | 37 | 86 | SDS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 8 | Guo et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 1100 | 5900 | SAS | ≥50 | Low |
| Depression | 2006 | 5900 | SDS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 9 | Xiao et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | January | Anxiety | 210 | 359 | HADS | ≥8 | Low |
| Depression | 224 | 359 | HADS | ≥8 | ||||||||
| 10 | Wang et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Stress | 34 | 202 | PCL-5 | ≥50 | Low |
| 11 | Wang et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 29 | 75 | SAS | ≥50 | Moderate |
| Depression | 10 | 75 | SDS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| Sleep disturbance | 18 | 75 | PSQI | ˃7 | ||||||||
| 12 | Zhang et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Anxiety | 473 | 984 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 526 | 984 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Insomnia | 395 | 984 | ISI | ≥8 | ||||||||
| 13 | Mo et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Stress | 59 | 180 | SOS | NG | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 72 | 180 | SAS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 14 | Huang et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Stress | 46 | 160 | PTSD | ≥50 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 43 | 160 | SAS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 15 | García-Fernández et al., (2020) | No | NG | NG | Spain | March | Stress | 105 | 233 | ASDI | NG | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 213 | 233 | HAM-A | ≥6 | ||||||||
| Depression | 207 | 233 | BDI | ≥ 14 | ||||||||
| 16 | Szepietowski et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | NG | Poland | NG | Anxiety | 13 | 62 | GAD-7 | ≥5 | Moderate |
| Depression | 29 | 62 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 17 | Cui et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Stress | 146 | 481 | PSS | >25 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 200 | 481 | SAS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 18 | Du et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | January | Stress | 30 | 55 | PSS | ≥ 14 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 21 | 55 | BAI | ≥ 8 | ||||||||
| Depression | 8 | 55 | BDI-II | ≥ 14 | ||||||||
| 19 | Zhou et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Sleep disturbance | 314 | 1614 | PSQI | ˃7 | Moderate |
| 20 | Jiang et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 319 | 1569 | SAS | ≥50 | Moderate |
| Depression | 514 | 1569 | SDS | ≥53 | ||||||||
| 21 | R. Zhang et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Stress | 29 | 203 | IES-R | ≥33 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 29 | 203 | GAD-7 | ≥8 | ||||||||
| Depression | 21 | 203 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Sleep disturbance | 71 | 203 | PSQI | ˃7 | ||||||||
| 22 | S. X. Zhang et al., (2020) | No | NG | NG | Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia | April | Anxiety | 43 | 175 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| 23 | Wan et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 775 | 885 | STAI | ≥31 | Moderate |
| 24 | Taghizadeh et al., (2020) | Yes | NG | NG | Iran | April | Anxiety | 72 | 105 | HADS-S | ≥8 | Moderate |
| Depression | 54 | 105 | HADS-D | ≥8 | ||||||||
| 25 | S. X. Zhang et al., (2020a) | No | NG | NG | Iran | February | Anxiety | 20 | 63 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 18 | 63 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 26 | Salman et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | Pakistan | February | Anxiety | 35 | 133 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 33 | 133 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 27 | Zhpu et al., (2020) | Yes | NG | NG | China | January | Anxiety | 133 | 147 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 114 | 147 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Sleep Disturbance | 94 | 147 | SRSS | ≥ 23 | ||||||||
| 28 | Pan et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Anxiety | 44 | 148 | GAD-7 | ≥5 | Moderate |
| Depression | 57 | 148 | PHQ-9 | ≥5 | ||||||||
| Insomnia | 129 | 148 | PHQ-15 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 29 | Ning et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 60 | 295 | SAS | ≥50 | Low |
| Depression | 89 | 295 | SDS | ≥53 | ||||||||
| 30 | Y. Liu et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Stress | 297 | 577 | PSS | ≥14 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 65 | 577 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 73 | 577 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 31 | Otgonbaatar et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | Mongolian | February | Stress | 309 | 473 | WSP | ≥111 | Moderate |
| 32 | Li et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Stress | 1127 | 3381 | IES-R | ≥33 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 864 | 3381 | GAD-7 | ≥8 | ||||||||
| Depression | 485 | 3381 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 33 | Lv et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 1280 | 3378 | GAD-7 | ≥5 | Low |
| Depression | 1297 | 3378 | PHQ-9 | ≥5 | ||||||||
| Insomnia | 1253 | 3378 | ISI | ≥8 | ||||||||
| 34 | Hu et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | January | Anxiety | 833 | 2014 | SAS | ≥50 | Low |
| Depression | 878 | 2014 | SDS | ≥53 | ||||||||
| 35 | B. Wang et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | China | January | Stress | 59 | 313 | PDSS | ≥11 | Moderate |
| Depression | 100 | 313 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 36 | W. Zhang et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 39 | 197 | PHQ-4 | ≥3 | Moderate |
| Depression | 39 | 197 | PHQ-4 | ≥3 | ||||||||
| Insomnia | 102 | 197 | ISI | ˃8 | ||||||||
| 37 | Weilenmann et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | Switzerland | April | Anxiety | 161 | 553 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 138 | 553 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 38 | Sahin et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | Turkey | April | Anxiety | 226 | 301 | BAI | ≥16 | Moderate |
| 39 | Rossi et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | Italy | March | Stress | 105 | 474 | PSS | ≥3 | Low |
| Anxiety | 104 | 474 | GAD-7 | ≥15 | ||||||||
| Depression | 152 | 474 | PHQ-9 | ≥15 | ||||||||
| Insomnia | 55 | 474 | ISI | ˃22 | ||||||||
| 40 | Kaveh et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | Iran | March | Anxiety | 213 | 513 | BAI | ≥16 | Moderate |
| 41 | Guixia and Hui, (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 38 | 92 | SAS | ≥50 | Moderate |
| Depression | 53 | 92 | SDS | ≥53 | ||||||||
| 42 | Al Amer et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | Jordan | March | Stress | 202 | 405 | DASS | ≥19 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 208 | 405 | DASS | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 234 | 405 | DASS | ≥14 | ||||||||
| 43 | Shechter et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | USA | April | Stress | 200 | 313 | PTSD | ≥3 | Low |
| Anxiety | 125 | 313 | GAD-2 | ≥3 | ||||||||
| Depression | 166 | 313 | PHQ-2 | ≥3 | ||||||||
| 44 | Naser et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | NG | Jordan | March | Anxiety | 61 | 151 | GAD-7 | ≥15 | Moderate |
| Depression | 70 | 151 | PHQ-9 | ≥15 | ||||||||
| 45 | Que et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 107 | 208 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 96 | 208 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Insomnia | 70 | 208 | ISI | ≥15 | ||||||||
| 46 | Jahrami et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | Bahrain | April | Stress | 95 | 119 | PSS | ≥14 | Moderate |
| Sleep disturbance | 87 | 119 | PSQI | ≥5 | ||||||||
| 47 | Koksal et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | Turkey | April | Anxiety | 197 | 339 | HADS | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 130 | 339 | HADS | ≥7 | ||||||||
| 48 | Tu et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Anxiety | 40 | 100 | GAD-7 | ≥4 | Low |
| Depression | 46 | 100 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Sleep disturbance | 60 | 100 | PSQI | ≥7 | ||||||||
| 49 | Yang et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Mixed | China | March | Anxiety | 193 | 1017 | SAS | ≥50 | Moderate |
| Depression | 335 | 1017 | SDS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 50 | Chekole et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | Ethiopia | April | Stress | 68 | 100 | PSS | >20 | Moderate |
| 51 | Fang et al., (2020) | Yes | NG | NG | China | NG | Depression | 117 | 293 | SDS | ≥40 | Moderate |
| 52 | Jia et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | January | Anxiety | 156 | 867 | SAS | ≥50 | Moderate |
| 53 | Zerbini et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | Germany | April | Stress | 34 | 75 | PHQ-9 | ≥ 5 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 12 | 75 | GAD-7 | ≥ 10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 22 | 75 | PHQ-9 | ≥ 10 | ||||||||
| 54 | Pouralizadeh et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | Iran | April | Anxiety | 171 | 441 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 165 | 441 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 55 | Gallopeni et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | Kosovo | April | Anxiety | 137 | 304 | HADS | ≥11 | Moderate |
| Depression | 106 | 304 | HADS | ≥11 | ||||||||
| 56 | Li et al., (2020a) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Anxiety | 136 | 176 | HAM-A | ≥14 | Moderate |
| 57 | Chorwe-Sungani, (2020) | Yes | Mixed | Mixed | Malawi | September | Anxiety | 26 | 102 | CAS | ≥9 | Moderate |
| 58 | Saricam, (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Turkey | April | Anxiety | 57 | 123 | STAI | ≥57 | Moderate |
| 59 | Arafa et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | KSA & Egypt | April | Stress | 55 | 103 | DASS | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 61 | 103 | DASS | ≥8 | ||||||||
| Depression | 65 | 103 | DASS | ≥8 | ||||||||
| 60 | Silwal et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Nepal | April | Stress | 24 | 152 | DASS | ≥19 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 64 | 152 | DASS | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 30 | 152 | DASS | ≥14 | ||||||||
| 61 | Li et al., (2020b) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | March | Stress | 220 | 356 | PCL-5 | ≥33 | Low |
| 62 | Hong et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Anxiety | 379 | 4692 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Low |
| Depression | 442 | 4692 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 63 | Hoedl et al., (2020) | Yes | Mixed | Mixed | Austrian | July | Stress | 1751 | 2602 | PSS | ≥14 | Moderate |
| 64 | Xiaozheng et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | March | Insomnia | 24 | 97 | AIS | ≥6 | Moderate |
| 65 | Zhan et al., (2020a) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | March | Stress | 789 | 1794 | PSS | ≥25 | Low |
| Insomnia | 948 | 1794 | AIS | ≥6 | ||||||||
| 66 | AlAteeq et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | KSA | March | Anxiety | 44 | 132 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 50 | 132 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 67 | Khanal et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Nepal | May | Anxiety | 94 | 167 | HADS | ≥7 | Moderate |
| Depression | 78 | 167 | HADS | ≥7 | ||||||||
| Insomnia | 50 | 167 | ISI | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 68 | Bachilo et al., (2020) | Yes | Mixed | Mixed | Russia | May | Anxiety | 55 | 139 | GAD-7 | ≥5 | Moderate |
| Depression | 68 | 139 | PHQ-9 | ≥5 | ||||||||
| 69 | Wanigasooriya et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Frontline | UK | July | Stress | 226 | 775 | IES-R | ˃33 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 276 | 775 | PHQ-4 | ≥3 | ||||||||
| Depression | 255 | 775 | PHQ-4 | ≥3 | ||||||||
| 70 | Leng et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Stress | 20 | 90 | PSS | ˃25 | Moderate |
| 71 | Aksoy and Koçak, (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | Turkey | April | Anxiety | 264 | 726 | STAI | ≥35 | Moderate |
| 72 | Hendy et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Egypt | April | Stress | 293 | 374 | NSS | ≥40 | Moderate |
| 73 | Zhan et al., (2020b) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | March | Stress | 1298 | 2667 | PSS | ≥25 | Low |
| Anxiety | 1062 | 2667 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 1458 | 2667 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 74 | Skoda et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | Germany | March | Anxiety | 172 | 1511 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| 75 | Nie et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | February | Stress | 194 | 263 | IES-R | ˃33 | Moderate |
| 76 | Zhu et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | China | January | Anxiety | 1502 | 6107 | SAS | ≥50 | Low |
| Depression | 2908 | 6107 | SDS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 77 | Chen et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 45 | 311 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 53 | 311 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 78 | Tselebis et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Frontline | Greece | May | Stress | 75 | 150 | PSS | ≥14 | Moderate |
| Insomnia | 74 | 150 | AIS | ≥6 | ||||||||
| 79 | Prasad et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | USA | April | Stress | 208 | 248 | IES-R | ˃26 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 85 | 248 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 54 | 248 | PHQ-2 | ≥3 | ||||||||
| 80 | Lee et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Singapore | June | Anxiety | 52 | 155 | HADS | ≥11 | Moderate |
| Depression | 49 | 155 | HADS | ≥11 | ||||||||
| 81 | Azoulay et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | France | May | Anxiety | 249 | 498 | HADS | ≥11 | Moderate |
| Depression | 158 | 498 | HADS | ≥11 | ||||||||
| 82 | Xiong et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 94 | 231 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 61 | 231 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 83 | Sampaio et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | Portugal | April | Stress | 210 | 767 | DASS | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 250 | 767 | DASS | ≥6 | ||||||||
| Depression | 166 | 767 | DASS | ≥7 | ||||||||
| 84 | Buselli et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Italy | May | Anxiety | 20 | 133 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Depression | 27 | 133 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 85 | Salopek-Žiha et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | Croatia | April | Stress | 10 | 97 | DASS | ≥10 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 12 | 97 | DASS | ≥6 | ||||||||
| Depression | 14 | 97 | DASS | ≥7 | ||||||||
| 86 | Wasim et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Pakistan | June | Insomnia | 46 | 78 | ISI | ≥8 | Moderate |
| 87 | Ahn et al., (2020) | Yes | Hospital | Frontline | Korea | April | Anxiety | 345 | 967 | GAD-7 | ≥5 | Moderate |
| Depression | 172 | 967 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| 88 | Zheng et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 2643 | 3228 | SAS | ≥50 | Low |
| Depression | 2121 | 3228 | SDS | ≥50 | ||||||||
| 89 | Gorini et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Italy | May | Stress | 125 | 214 | IES-R | ˃26 | Moderate |
| Anxiety | 78 | 214 | GAD-7 | ≥10 | ||||||||
| Depression | 66 | 214 | PHQ-2 | ≥3 | ||||||||
| 90 | An et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | China | March | Depression | 481 | 1103 | PHQ-9 | ≥10 | Moderate |
| 91 | Zhang et al., (2020) | No | Mixed | Mixed | China | April | Stress | 111 | 468 | PCL | ≥50 | Moderate |
| 92 | Ruiz-Fernández et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Frontline | Spain | April | Stress | 265 | 348 | PSS | ≥25 | Moderate |
| 93 | Han et al., (2020) | No | Hospital | Mixed | China | February | Anxiety | 4539 | 22,034 | SAS | ≥50 | Low |
| Depression | 6324 | 22,034 | SDS | ≥50 |
AIS = Athens Insomnia Scale; ASDI = Acute Stress Disorder Inventory; BAI=Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI=Beck Depression Inventory; CAS = Coronavirus Anxiety Scale; DASS=Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder; HADS=Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; IES-R = Impact of Event Scale-Revised; ISI=Insomnia Severity Index; NG = Not Given; NSS=Nursing Stress Scale; PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PDSS=Panic Disorder Severity Scale; PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; PSQI=Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSS=Perceived Stress Scale; PTSD=Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; SAS = Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SCL-90 = Symptom Check-List-90; SDS = Zung Self-rating Depression Scale; SOS=Stress Overload Scale; SRQ = Self-Reporting Questionnaire; SRSS=Sleep Self-Assessment Scale; STAI=State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; WSP=Work Stress Profile.