Table 1.
Baseline clinical and laboratory features of the samples according to seminal analysis diagnosis group
| Clinical/laboratory characteristics | SAG (n=136) | NZG (n=124) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), mean±s.d. (range) | 38.73±8.45 (19.00–59.00) | 37.96±8.77 (18.00–60.00) | 0.615 |
| 25(OH)VD3 (ng dl−1), mean±s.d. (range) | 25.18±8.89 (7.00–68.00) | 30.06±12.10 (9.00–75.00) | <0.001* |
| Sufficient (>30.1 ng ml−1), n (%)a | 35 (25.7) | 52 (41.9) | 0.01* |
| Insufficient (20.1–30 ng ml−1), n (%)a | 56 (41.2) | 41 (33.1) | 0.01* |
| Deficient (≤20 ng ml−1), n (%)a | 45 (33.1) | 31 (25.0) | 0.01* |
| BMI (kg m−2), mean±s.d. (range)b,c | 27.72±4.16 (17.03–42.80) | 26.63±3.62 (20.86–36.90) | 0.013* |
| Underweight, n (%) | 1 (0.9) | - | |
| Normal BMI, n (%) | 23 (21.9) | 44 (45.4) | 0.01* |
| Overweight, n (%) | 54 (51.4) | 39 (40.2) | 0.01* |
| Obese, n (%) | 27 (25.8) | 14 (14.4) | 0.01* |
| Presence of varicocele (yes), n/total (%)c | 56/102 (54.9) | 56/102 (54.9) | 1.000 |
| Currently smoker (yes), n/total (%)c | 18/102 (17.6) | 16/97 (16.5) | 0.829 |
| Alcohol use (yes), n/total (%)c | 55/101 (54.4) | 60/98 (61.2) | 0.334 |
| Insulin (µU ml−1), mean±s.d. (range) | 10.12±6.42 (2.20–40.00) | 8.58±5.79 (2.00–29.00) | 0.054 |
| HOMA-IR, mean±s.d. (range) | 2.25±1.42 (0.46–8.39) | 1.98±1.50 (0.20–8.19) | 0.071 |
| Total cholesterol (mg dl−1), mean±s.d. (range) | 199.04±39.21 (103.00–317.00) | 197.33±40.74 (90.00–304.00) | 0.734 |
| Seminal parameters, mean (range)d | |||
| Semen volume (ml) | 3.00 (0.25–10.00) | 2.50 (0.50–8.50) | 0.244 |
| Total number of motile spermatozoa (106) | 23.25 (0–559.00) | 147.00 (11.0–1152.00) | <0.001* |
| Total number of spermatozoa (106) | 43.60 (0–866.70) | 205.75 (1.50–1440.00) | <0.001* |
| Sperm concentration (106 ml−1) | 16.00 (0–577.80) | 82.00 (15.00–800.00) | <0.001* |
| Total number of spermatozoa with progressive motility (106) | 5.41 (00–426.00) | 79.60 (6.93–748.00) | <0.001* |
| Total progressive motility (%) | 16.00 (0–65.00) | 50.00 (32.00–75.00) | <0.001* |
| Total motile sperm (%) | 45.00 (0–80.00) | 70.00 (15.00–90.00) | <0.001* |
| Hormonal parameters, median (range) | |||
| LH (µU l−1) | 4.50 (0.08–19.20) | 3.88 (0.06–10.10) | 0.203 |
| FSH (µU l−1) | 6.17 (0.22–41.50) | 4.31 (0.29–23.90) | 0.018* |
| Total testosterone (ng dl−1) | 463.84 (164.00–1123.00) | 522.99 (175.00–1231.00) | 0.019* |
| Free testosterone (ng dl−1) | 9.88 (3.56–32.00) | 14.22 (3.70–374.00) | 0.018* |
| SHBG (nmol l−1) | 37.57 (6.70–413.0) | 36.27 (8.00–415.00) | 0.641* |
aAccording to the Endocrine Society guidelines (2011);32 baccording to the WHO 2000;34 cthere were some missing data in the medical records; daccording to the WHO 2010.31 *P≤0.05 is considered statistically significant difference. SAG: seminal abnormalities group; NZG: normozoospermic group; 25(OH)VD3: 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3; BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; LH: luteinizing hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; SHBG: sex hormone-binding globulin; s.d.: standard deviation