Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients
| Patients (n=2088) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years* | 64·0 (54·0–71·0) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Men | 1497 (71·7%) | ||
| Women | 591 (28·3%) | ||
| Race† | |||
| White | 1598 (76·5%) | ||
| Black or African Descent | 145 (6·9%) | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 133 (6·4%) | ||
| Asian | 26 (1·2%) | ||
| Mixed race | 14 (0·7%) | ||
| Other | 172 (8·2%) | ||
| Vision or hearing impairment | 110 (5·3%) | ||
| Current smoker or alcohol abuse | 226 (10·8%) | ||
| Charlson comorbidity score‡ | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | ||
| Comorbidities on admission | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 139 (6·7%) | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 241 (11·5%) | ||
| Diabetes | 483 (23·1%) | ||
| Liver disease | 48 (2·3%) | ||
| Renal disease | 134 (6·4%) | ||
| Simplified Acute Physiology Score II§ | 40·0 (30·0–53·0) | ||
| Diagnosis at enrolment | |||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 2044 (97·9%) | ||
| Mild¶ | 236 (11·5%) | ||
| Moderate‖ | 929 (45·5%) | ||
| Severe** | 758 (37·1%) | ||
| Unknown | 121 (5·9%) | ||
| Other†† | 44 (2·1%) | ||
| Respiratory support on intensive care unit admission | |||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 1397 (66·9%) | ||
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 173 (8·3%) | ||
| High flow nasal cannula | 296 (14·2%) | ||
| Low flow nasal cannula or no additional oxygen | 222 (10·6%) | ||
| Use of prone positioning | 1317 (63·1%) | ||
| Duration of proning, days | 4·0 (2·0–6·0) | ||
| Use of continuous opioid infusion while on invasive mechanical ventilation‡‡ | |||
| Ever used | 1659 (79·5%) | ||
| Duration of use, days | 11 (7–17) | ||
| Use of continuous sedative infusion while on invasive mechanical ventilation | |||
| Benzodiazepine | |||
| Ever used | 1337 (64·0%) | ||
| Duration of use, days | 7·0 (4·0–12·0) | ||
| Propofol | |||
| Ever used | 1481 (70·9%) | ||
| Duration of use, days | 7·0 (4·0–11·0) | ||
| Dexmedetomidine | |||
| Ever used | 920 (44·1%) | ||
| Duration of use, days | 4·0 (2·0–7·0) | ||
| Clonidine | |||
| Ever used | 191 (9·1%) | ||
| Duration of use, days | 5·0 (2·0–8·0) | ||
| Ketamine | |||
| Ever used | 140 (6·7%) | ||
| Duration of use, days | 4·0 (2·0–6·0) | ||
| Sevoflurane | |||
| Ever used | 47 (2·3%) | ||
| Duration of use, days | 3·0 (1·0–4·0) | ||
Data are median (IQR) or n (%). Some percentages do not sum to 100 because of rounding. Summary statistics were reported for non-missing values. PaO2=partial pressure arterial oxygen. FiO2=fraction of inspired oxygen.
Six patients were aged >90 years and thus their ages were rounded down to 90 years when entered into the database to maintain regulatory rules for de-identified data; in accordance with country regulatory rules, for 44 patients included at two participating sites, age values were rounded to the nearest ten.
Race was recorded as entered into the electronic health record; 56 (2·7%) of 2088 patients had no race reported in the medical record or the participating site could not report their race due to regulatory limitations, thus these patients were included in the other category.
Scores range from 0 to 33, with higher scores indicating a higher burden of coexisting illness.
Scores range from 0 to 163 with higher scores indicating greater severity of illness; a median score of 40 represents a patient population with moderate severity of critical illness.
Defined as a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 200–300.
Defined as a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 100–199.
Defined as a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of <100.
Other diagnosis represents patients who were admitted to the hospital and required treatment in the intensive care unit for a reason other than COVID-19, who then tested positive; such diagnoses included diabetic ketoacidosis, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, post-operative surgery surveillance, acute kidney failure, and acute gastrointestinal bleeding.
Infusions included remifentanil, sufentanil, fentanyl, morphine, and hydromorphone.