Table 2.
Antiviral activity of natural honey.
| Types of Honey/compound | Target virus | References |
|---|---|---|
| Manuka and Clover honey | Varicella Zoster virus (VZV, the cause of chicken pox and shingles) | (Shahzad and Cohrs, 2012; P. Zareie, 2011) |
| Honey and thyme extract | Respiratory Syncytial Virus | (Feás and Estevinho, 2011) |
| Manuka, buckwheat, honeydew and acacia honeys | Influenza virus | (Watanabe et al., 2014b) |
| Manuka, Honeydew and Rewarewa honeys | Rubella virus | (Littlejohn, 2009) |
| adenovirus and herpes simplex virus | ||
| Multi-floral honey from UAE | Herpes simplex virus and rubella virus | (Al-Waili, 2004) |
| Honey and Royal Jelly | Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) | (Hashemipour et al., 2014) |
| Mono-floral Iranian honey | HIV-1 | (Behbahani, 2014) |
| Type 1 herpes simplex virus | (Ghapanchi et al., 2011) | |
| New Zealand medical grade kanuka honey | Herpes simplex virus | (Semprini et al., 2019) |
| Honey, Ginger and Garlic Decoction | Influenza Virus | (Vahed and Batool Jafri, 2016) |
| MGO (methylglyoxal) a major component of Manuka Honey | Foot and mouth disease virus influenza B viruses; | (Ghizatullina, 1976)(Charyasriwong et al., 2016) |
| Tualang honey (Malaysian multi-floral jungle honey) | Common cold | (Sobhanian et al., 2014) |
| Reduction of virus load in AIDS patients | (Wan Yusuf et al., 2019) | |
| Phenols and bioflavonoids found in honey | Virus families such as retroviridae, hepadnaviridae, hespervirides, HIV virus, influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, dengue virus, polio virus etc | (Kamboj, 2012) |