Table 2.
Risk of COVID-19 among individuals with pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders by different characteristics, compared with that of individuals without such conditions
|
All COVID-19 |
Inpatient COVID-19 |
COVID-19-related deaths |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals with pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders | Individuals without pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders | OR (95% CI) | pinteraction | Individuals with pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders | Individuals without pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders | OR (95% CI) | pinteraction | Individuals with pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders | Individuals without pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders | OR (95% CI) | pinteraction | ||
| By age, years | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | 0·011 | ||||||||||
| ≤64 | 96/17 760 (0·5%) | 603/129 548 (0·5%) | 0·93 (0·73–1·17) | 68/17 760 (0·4%) | 338/129 548 (0·3%) | 1·10 (0·82–1·47) | 13/17 760 (0·1%) | 19/129 548 (0·01%) | 2·27 (0·96–5·33) | ||||
| 65–72 | 125/15 278 (0·8%) | 292/112 637 (0·3%) | 1·83 (1·44–2·34) | 104/15 278 (0·7%) | 208/112 637 (0·2%) | 1·96 (1·49–2·59) | 34/15 278 (0·2%) | 41/112 637 (0·04%) | 3·07 (1·80–5·25) | ||||
| ≥73 | 221/17 771 (1·2%) | 614/128 020 (0·5%) | 1·74 (1·46–2·06) | 166/17 771 (0·9%) | 466/128 020 (0·4%) | 1·64 (1·35–2·00) | 73/17 771 (0·4%) | 196/128 020 (0·2%) | 1·69 (1·25–2·28) | ||||
| By sex | 0·25 | 0·73 | 0·52 | ||||||||||
| Men | 244/22 016 (1·1%) | 787/166 846 (0·5%) | 1·58 (1·34–1·86) | 193/22 016 (0·9%) | 566/166 846 (0·3%) | 1·61 (1·34–1·94) | 74/22 016 (0·3%) | 167/166 846 (0·1%) | 1·99 (1·46–2·72) | ||||
| Women | 198/28 793 (0·7%) | 722/203 359 (0·4%) | 1·30 (1·09–1·55) | 145/28 793 (0·5%) | 446/203 359 (0·2%) | 1·47 (1·19–1·82) | 46/28 793 (0·2%) | 89/203 359 (0·04%) | 2·14 (1·43–3·20) | ||||
| By race or ethnicity | 0·53 | 0·93 | 0·90 | ||||||||||
| White | 408/47 670 (0·9%) | 1288/346 013 (0·4%) | 1·54 (1·36–1·74) | 307/47 670 (0·6%) | 856/346 013 (0·3%) | 1·64 (1·41–1·90) | 108/47 670 (0·2%) | 225/346 013 (0·1%) | 2·06 (1·59–2·68) | ||||
| Black | 17/839 (2·0%) | 81/6797 (1·2%) | 1·27 (0·70–2·29) | 16/839 (1·9%) | 57/6797 (0·8%) | 1·69 (0·90–3·17) | 6/839 (0·7%) | 17/6797 (0·3%) | 1·92 (0·67–5·49) | ||||
| Others | 12/1884 (0·6%) | 129/15 423 (0·8%) | 0·48 (0·25–0·91) | 11/1884 (0·6%) | 92/15 423 (0·6%) | 0·59 (0·30–1·17) | 5/1884 (0·3%) | 10/15 423 (0·1%) | 2·91 (0·85–9·92) | ||||
| By Townsend deprivation score | 0·079 | 0·18 | 0·46 | ||||||||||
| Low | 84/12 793 (0·7%) | 394/127 548 (0·3%) | 1·60 (1·24–2·06) | 64/12 793 (0·5%) | 250/127 548 (0·2%) | 1·88 (1·39–2·53) | 24/12 793 (0·2%) | 63/127 548 (0·1%) | 2·23 (1·33–3·75) | ||||
| Middle | 121/14 884 (0·8%) | 467/125 417 (0·4%) | 1·54 (1·23–1·92) | 84/14 884 (0·6%) | 316/125 417 (0·3%) | 1·51 (1·16–1·98) | 28/14 884 (0·2%) | 79/125 417 (0·1%) | 1·89 (1·17–3·07) | ||||
| High | 237/23 132 (1·0%) | 648/117 240 (0·6%) | 1·34 (1·13–1·59) | 190/23 132 (0·8%) | 446/117 240 (0·4%) | 1·46 (1·20–1·77) | 68/23 132 (0·3%) | 114/117 240 (0·1%) | 2·00 (1·43–2·81) | ||||
| By educational attainment | 0·30 | 0·21 | 0·39 | ||||||||||
| College degree | 73/11 528 (0·6%) | 394/123 672 (0·3%) | 1·39 (1·06–1·83) | 54/11 528 (0·5%) | 266/123 672 (0·2%) | 1·53 (1·11–2·12) | 16/11 528 (0·1%) | 57/123 672 (0·1%) | 1·43 (0·77–2·66) | ||||
| A-level | 34/5052 (0·7%) | 128/41 703 (0·3%) | 1·68 (1·10–2·57) | 28/5052 (0·6%) | 78/41 703 (0·2%) | 2·31 (1·42–3·74) | 6/5052 (0·1%) | 17/41 703 (0·04%) | 2·05 (0·73–5·75) | ||||
| O-level | 58/10 767 (0·5%) | 293/79 083 (0·4%) | 1·16 (0·85–1·57) | 42/10 767 (0·4%) | 194/79 083 (0·3%) | 1·20 (0·84–1·73) | 19/10 767 (0·2%) | 42/79 083 (0·1%) | 2·46 (1·36–4·45) | ||||
| CSE or equivalent | 28/3587 (0·8%) | 103/20 732 (0·5%) | 1·23 (0·77–1·97) | 16/3587 (0·5%) | 63/20 732 (0·3%) | 0·95 (0·51–1·76) | 2/3587 (0·1%) | 9/20 732 (0·04%) | 0·69 (0·13–3·73) | ||||
| NVQ or equivalent | 39/3839 (1·0%) | 123/23 446 (0·5%) | 1·58 (1·05–2·36) | 32/3839 (0·8%) | 73/23 446 (0·3%) | 2·07 (1·29–3·30) | 6/3839 (0·2%) | 18/23 446 (0·1%) | 1·46 (0·51–4·20) | ||||
| Other professional qualifications | 32/2559 (1·3%) | 94/18 843 (0·5%) | 1·71 (1·09–2·68) | 22/2559 (0·9%) | 64/18 843 (0·3%) | 1·62 (0·94–2·79) | 15/2559 (0·6%) | 18/18 843 (0·1%) | 4·42 (2·09–9·36) | ||||
| By annual household income, £ | 0·30 | 0·25 | 0·58 | ||||||||||
| <18 000 | 183/15 256 (1·2%) | 347/62 957 (0·6%) | 1·64 (1·34–2·01) | 145/15 256 (1·0%) | 245/62 957 (0·4%) | 1·70 (1·35–2·16) | 56/15 256 (0·4%) | 86/62 957 (0·1%) | 2·08 (1·42–3·03) | ||||
| 18 000–51 999 | 128/20 141 (0·6%) | 634/163 736 (0·4%) | 1·22 (0·99–1·50) | 90/20 141 (0·5%) | 409/163 736 (0·3%) | 1·31 (1·02–1·69) | 29/20 141 (0·1%) | 90/163 736 (0·1%) | 1·90 (1·20–3·01) | ||||
| ≥52 000 | 31/6298 (0·5%) | 266/87 636 (0·3%) | 1·26 (0·85–1·88) | 20/6298 (0·3%) | 170/87 636 (0·2%) | 1·23 (0·75–2·01) | 9/6298 (0·1%) | 25/87 636 (0·03%) | 2·67 (1·12–6·33) | ||||
| By BMI level, kg/m2 | 0·68 | 0·41 | 0·46 | ||||||||||
| <18·5 | 1/338 (0·3%) | 7/1757 (0·4%) | 0·41 (0·03–6·18) | 1/338 (0·3%) | 5/1757 (0·3%) | 0·32 (0·01–7·51) | 0/338 (0%) | 3/1757 (0·2%) | .. | ||||
| 18·5–24·9 | 108/14 046 (0·8%) | 343/124 194 (0·3%) | 1·75 (1·36–2·26) | 81/14 046 (0·6%) | 206/124 194 (0·2%) | 2·04 (1·50–2·77) | 27/14 046 (0·2%) | 42/124 194 (0·03%) | 2·41 (1·34–4·34) | ||||
| 25·0–29·9 | 160/20 274 (0·8%) | 654/157 785 (0·4%) | 1·41 (1·16–1·71) | 120/20 274 (0·6%) | 441/157 785 (0·3%) | 1·49 (1·19–1·87) | 42/20 274 (0·2%) | 107/157 785 (0·1%) | 2·04 (1·37–3·04) | ||||
| ≥30·0 | 164/15 636 (1·1%) | 491/84 536 (0·6%) | 1·29 (1·06–1·57) | 128/15 636 (0·8%) | 351/84 536 (0·4%) | 1·34 (1·07–1·67) | 45/15 636 (0·3%) | 99/84 536 (0·1%) | 1·75 (1·18–2·58) | ||||
| By smoking status | 0·051 | 0·069 | 0·022 | ||||||||||
| Never | 152/17 911 (0·9%) | 776/214 971 (0·4%) | 1·60 (1·33–1·93) | 110/17 911 (0·6%) | 490/214 971 (0·2%) | 1·75 (1·41–2·19) | 40/17 911 (0·2%) | 100/214 971 (0·1%) | 2·91 (1·97–4·30) | ||||
| Ever | 281/32 478 (0·9%) | 719/153 182 (0·5%) | 1·26 (1·08–1·46) | 221/32 478 (0·7%) | 512/153 182 (0·3%) | 1·35 (1·14–1·61) | 78/32 478 (0·2%) | 152/153 182 (0·1%) | 1·64 (1·22–2·20) | ||||
| By the number of somatic comorbidities | 0·54 | 0·62 | 0·47 | ||||||||||
| 0 | 142/26 304 (0·5%) | 927/291 683 (0·3%) | 1·57 (1·30–1·89) | 96/26 304 (0·4%) | 581/291 683 (0·2%) | 1·70 (1·35–2·13) | 27/26 304 (0·1%) | 111/291 683 (0·04%) | 2·34 (1·50–3·66) | ||||
| 1 | 119/14 923 (0·8%) | 333/59 146 (0·6%) | 1·37 (1·09–1·72) | 94/14 923 (0·6%) | 231/59 146 (0·4%) | 1·56 (1·20–2·02) | 31/14 923 (0·2%) | 78/59 146 (0·1%) | 1·81 (1·16–2·83) | ||||
| 2 | 98/6391 (1·5%) | 155/14 758 (1·1%) | 1·61 (1·22–2·13) | 78/6391 (1·2%) | 122/14 758 (0·8%) | 1·55 (1·13–2·12) | 33/6391 (0·5%) | 38/14 758 (0·3%) | 2·23 (1·34–3·71) | ||||
| ≥3 | 83/3191 (2·6%) | 94/4618 (2·0%) | 1·38 (0·99–1·91) | 70/3191 (2·2%) | 78/4618 (1·7%) | 1·38 (0·96–1·98) | 29/3191 (0·9%) | 29/4618 (0·6%) | 1·73 (0·98–3·06) | ||||
| By time periods | 0·46 | 0·47 | 0·85 | ||||||||||
| Until March 31, 2020 | 111/50 809 (0·2%) | 336/370 205 (0·1%) | 1·57 (1·23–2·00) | 107/50 809 (0·2%) | 321/370 205 (0·1%) | 1·59 (1·24–2·04) | 39/50 809 (0·1%) | 88/370 205 (0·02%) | 1·92 (1·25–2·95) | ||||
| April 1 to May 31, 2020 | 301/50 698 (0·6%) | 1044/369 869 (0·3%) | 1·43 (1·24–1·65) | 214/50 702 (0·4%) | 662/369 884 (0·2%) | 1·49 (1·25–1·77) | 77/50 770 (0·2%) | 159/370 117 (0·04%) | 2·12 (1·56–2·88) | ||||
| June 1, 2020 onward | 30/50 397 (0·1%) | 129/368 825 (0·04%) | 1·14 (0·73–1·77) | 17/50 488 (0·03%) | 29/369 222 (0·01%) | 2·28 (1·17–4·47) | 4/50 693 (0·01%) | 9/369 958 (0·002%) | 1·51 (0·44–5·22) | ||||
Data are n/N (%), unless otherwise specified. ORs (95% CI) were derived from logistic regression models, adjusted for birth year, sex, race or ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, educational attainment, annual household income, BMI, smoking status, and history of chronic cardiac disease, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and asthma. BMI=body-mass index. CSE=Certificate of Secondary Education. NVQ=National Vocation Qualifications. OR=odds ratio.