Table 1.
Risk of bias according to the ROBINS-I tool.
| Author | Confounding | Selection of Participants | Classification of Intervention | Deviation from Intervention | Missing Data | Measurement of Outcomes | Selection of Reported Results | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hawasli et al. # | S | L | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
| Schroeder et al.* | S | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
| Thomas et al. | S | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
| Rennert et al. | C | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Critical |
| Kamath et al. # | C | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Critical |
| Beaumont et al. * | S | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
| Mohammadi et al. * | M | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
| Shah et al. | S | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
| Kamath et al. # | S | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
| Murayi et al. * | S | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
| Jamshidi et al. * | M | S | L | NR | L | L | NR | Serious |
S: serious risk of bias (orange); C: critical risk of bias (red); M: moderate risk of bias (yellow); L: low risk of bias (green). NR = Not reported: data missing given the lack of control group (gray). #: might include part of the same population. *: might include part of the same population. NR: not reported.