Table 1.
The estimation results using DID and DDD approaches in time window (01/01–03/31).
| Social Distancing Index |
Social Distancing Index |
% staying at home |
Trips per person |
Miles traveled per person |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Stay-at-home Order | 8.83*** | 14.08*** | 6.78*** | −0.34*** | −4.29*** |
| (0.26) | (0.58) | (0.33) | (0.02) | (0.35) | |
| Stay-at-home Order × Lower-Income | −6.42*** | −3.69*** | 0.13*** | 1.36*** | |
| (0.62) | (0.34) | (0.02) | (0.38) | ||
| Control variables: | |||||
| COVID-19 new cases | 0.032** | 0.031** | 0.017** | −0.001** | −0.006** |
| (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.006) | (0.0003) | (0.002) | |
| COVID-19 total cases | −0.002*** | −0.002*** | −0.001*** | 0.0001** | 0.001*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.0004) | (0.00002) | (0.0001) | |
| Max. temperature | −0.127*** | −0.126*** | −0.054*** | 0.004*** | 0.045*** |
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.0001) | (0.003) | |
| Precipitation | 2.074*** | 2.072*** | 0.866*** | −0.068*** | −1.28*** |
| (0.062) | (0.062) | (0.028) | (0.001) | (0.055) | |
| Snow | 1.75*** | 1.76*** | 0.752*** | −0.033*** | −1.27*** |
| (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.031) | (0.002) | (0.067) | |
| Week-of-sample FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Day-of-week FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| County FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 262,595 | 262,595 | 262,595 | 262,595 | 262,595 |
| R-square | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.14 |
| Mean of outcome variable | 25.38 | 25.38 | 20.65 | 3.33 | 43.52 |
*Note: Standard errors are clustered at the county level, which are in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. “Yes” means the fixed effects indicated in the left column are included in the model. We also estimate an additional model using out-of-county trips per person as the outcome, but the R-square for the model is quite low (0.01) and we do not include this model into our baseline results.