Table 3.
The estimation results using DID and DDD approaches in time window (01/01–04/15).
| Social Distancing Index |
Social Distancing Index |
% staying at home |
Trips per person |
Miles traveled per person |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Stay-at-home Order | 7.23*** | 12.92*** | 5.86*** | −0.31*** | −4.03*** |
| (0.22) | (0.48) | (0.26) | (0.01) | (0.30) | |
| Stay-at-home Order × Lower-Income | −6.95*** | −3.68*** | 0.16*** | 2.25*** | |
| (0.49) | (0.27) | (0.01) | (0.29) | ||
| Control variables: | |||||
| COVID-19 new cases | 0.018** | 0.016** | 0.001*** | −0.0005** | −0.003** |
| (0.008) | (0. 007) | (0. 004) | (0. 007) | (0. 001) | |
| COVID-19 total cases | −0.0002*** | −0.0003*** | −0.0001*** | 7.21e-06*** | 0.00003* |
| (0. 00007) | (0. 00006) | (0. 00004) | (1.98e-06) | (0. 00002) | |
| Max. temperature | −0.125*** | −0.123*** | −0.051*** | 0. 004*** | 0.043*** |
| (0. 002) | (0. 002) | (0. 001) | (0. 00008) | (0. 003) | |
| Precipitation | 1.935*** | 1.906*** | 0.785*** | −0.060*** | −1.054*** |
| (0. 067) | (0. 66) | (0. 031) | (0. 002) | (0. 051) | |
| Snow | 1.935*** | 1.703*** | 0.743*** | −0.032*** | −1.216*** |
| (0. 069) | (0. 069) | (0. 032) | (0. 002) | (0. 065) | |
| Week-of-sample FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Day-of-week FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| County FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 305,870 | 305,870 | 305,870 | 305,870 | 305,870 |
| R-square | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.21 |
| Mean of outcome variable | 27.97 | 27.97 | 21.66 | 3.27 | 41.67 |
*Note: Standard errors are clustered at the county level, which are in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. “Yes” means the fixed effects indicated in the left column are included in the model. We also estimate an additional model using out-of-county trips per person as the outcome, but the R-square for the model is quite low (0.01) and we do not include this model into our baseline results.