Table 4.

Estimation results addressing the possible concerns about the selection bias.

	Time window (1/1–3/31)		Time window (1/1–4/3)		Time window (1/1–4/15)
	Excluding CA NY WA	Excluding densely populated counties	Excluding CA NY WA	Excluding densely populated counties	Excluding CA NY WA	Excluding densely populated counties
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Stay-at-home Order	12.16***	10.17***	12.16***	9.86***	11.83***	9.32***
	(0.60)	(0.68)	(0.54)	(0.61)	(0.46)	(0.51)
Stay-at-home Order × Lower-Income	−5.00***	−2.57***	−5.81***	−3.15***	−6.38***	−3.86***
	(0.63)	(0.71)	(0.56)	(0.63)	(0.46)	(0.51)
Control variables:
COVID-19 new cases	0.058***	0.159**	0.052***	0.151***	0.042***	0.127***
	(0.016)	(0.072)	(0.009)	(0.044)	(0.011)	(0.021)
COVID-19 total cases	0.011***	0.052*	0.005*	0.037**	0.002***	0.016***
	(0.003)	(0.030)	(0.003)	(0.016)	(0.0003)	(0.003)
Max. temperature	−0.124***	−0.119***	−0.120***	−0.115***	−0.118***	−0.116***
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Precipitation	2.020***	2.070***	2.068***	2.122***	1.824***	1.861***
	(0.063)	(0.066)	(0.064)	(0.066)	(0.066)	(0.067)
Snow	1.977***	1.753***	1.991***	1.773***	1.921***	1.702***
	(0.073)	(0.074)	(0.073)	(0.074)	(0.070)	(0.073)
Week-of-sample FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Day-of-week FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
County FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	248,126	235,417	256,304	243,178	289,016	274,222
R-square	0.63	0.63	0.63	0.62	0.68	0.67
Mean of outcome variable	25.21	25.05	25.61	25.41	27.77	27.45

*Note: Standard errors are clustered at the county level, which are in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. “Yes” means the fixed effects indicated in the left column are included in the model.