Table B.
Covariate balancing check between the control group and the treatment group.
| Indicators | Time window: 1/1–3/31 |
Time window: 1/1–4/3 |
Time window: 1/1–4/15 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean in treated | Mean in Untreated | Standardized diff. | Mean in treated | Mean in Untreated | Standardized diff. | Mean in treated | Mean in Untreated | Standardized diff. | |
| Reg Gas Price 20200419 | 1.89 (0.40) | 1.77 (0.28) | 0.34 | 1.9 (0.38) | 1.64 (0.20) | 0.85 | 1.87 (0.38) | 1.69 (0.25) | 0.55 |
| Population | 6,335,733 (7064760) | 6,009,481 (6925749) | 0.05 | 7,490,125 (7763612) | 3,216,498 (1912608) | 0.75 | 6,879,505 (7386678) | 2,148,717 (1312010) | 0.9 |
| Sex ratio (males per 100 females) | 97.81 (2.96) | 97.65 (3.57) | 0.05 | 97.32 (3.00) | 98.76 (3.75) | −0.42 | 97.27 (2.96) | 100.69 (3.20) | −1.1 |
| White population in one race % | 76.59 (13.46) | 76.14 (12.95) | 0.03 | 75.09 (14.17) | 79.56 (10.08) | −0.36 | 75.09 (13.52) | 84.58 (6.58) | −0.89 |
| Black population in one race % | 9.56 (8.53) | 13.8 (13.11) | −0.38 | 11.13 (10.21) | 11.11 (11.60) | 0.002 | 12.17 (10.88) | 4.73 (4.79) | 0.89 |
| Vote population % | 0.73 (0.03) | 0.73 (0.38) | 0.1 | 0.73 (0.03) | 0.73 (0.03) | −0.03 | 0.73 (0.03) | 0.72 (0.03) | 0.23 |
| Per capita income | 33,957 (4975) | 31,579 (5977) | 0.43 | 34,044 (5662) | 29,821 (2861) | 0.94 | 32,398 (5688) | 30,120 (2733) | 0.52 |
| Labor force (18+) % | 63.84 (3.45) | 63.35 (4.27) | 0.13 | 63.71 (3.345) | 63.5 (4.74) | 0.05 | 63.3 (3.59) | 65.85 (4.16) | −0.66 |
| Unemployment rate | 4.71 (0.92) | 4.69 (1.24) | 0.02 | 3.05 (0.6) | 2.62 (0.55) | 0.74 | 3.05 (0.59) | 2.33 (0.27) | 1.587 |
| Drive to work | 77.01 (6.17) | 78.37 (10.55) | −0.16 | 76.05 (8.58) | 81.63 (3.02) | −0.87 | 77.03 (8.46) | 80.46 (2.94) | −0.55 |
| Carpooled to work | 9.19 (1.23) | 9.29 (1.36) | −0.08 | 9.11 (0.90) | 9.51 (1.43) | −0.33 | 9.18 (1.04) | 9.54 (1.34) | −0.3 |
| Private wage and salary workers | 79.31 (4.08) | 79.23 (3.15) | 0.02 | 79.45 (3.97) | 78.71 (2.87) | 0.22 | 79.25 (3.84) | 77.85 (2.76) | 0.43 |
| Government workers | 14.69 (3.62) | 14.44 (3.10) | 0.07 | 14.51 (3.65) | 14.9 (2.53) | −0.13 | 14.77 (3.55) | 15.50 (2.46) | −0.25 |
| Land area | 67,639.91 (95,106.54) | 70,870.06 (51,030.59) | −0.04 | 70,072.28 (96,397.89) | 65,906.88 (19,666.11) | 0.06 | 68,284.12 (87,470.26) | 72,173.28 (14,394.48) | −0.06 |
Note: Standard deviation in parentheses; Standardized differences (SD) are the standardized difference of means. If the SD is smaller than 0.1, we can conclude that the covariate is balanced between the treatment and control groups (Lunt, 2014).