Table 1.

List of Nanobodies and type of action.

Type of nanobody	Type of Virus	Type of action	Binding affinity (Kd)	IC 50	Ref
Synthetic VHH from yeast surface-displayed library	SARS-CoV-2	Block the binding of RBD and spike to ACE2	Nb6 = 41 nM Nb6 trivalent = N/A Nb6 Redesign = 0.56 nM	2.0 μM 1.2 nM 1.6 nM	Schoof et al., 2020
Humanized VHH from llama	SARS-CoV-2	Block the binding of RBD and spike to ACE2	0.25 nM	1 nM	Dong et al., 2020
VHH from phage display library with Fc domain of classical antibody	SARS-CoV-2	Block the binding of RBD and spike to ACE2	Ty1 = 9 nM Ty1-Fc = N/A	54 nM 12 nM	Hanke et al., 2020
VHHs from llama	MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-1 SARS-CoV-2	Neutralizing SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV RBDs Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 S pseudoviruses.	VHH 72 = 1.1 nM VHH 55 = 79 pM	12 nM 1 nM	Wrapp et al., 2020
Single domain nanobody (sdNb)	SARS-CoV- 2	Inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped particle.	1E2 = 35.5 nM 2F2 = 5.2 nM 3F11 = 3.3 nM 4D8 = 6 nM 5F8 = 0.9 nM	18.5 nM 22.6 nM 28.6 nM 9.6 nM 39.3 nM	Chi et al., 2020
VHH form phage display library	SARS-CoV- 2	Block the binding of RBD and spike to ACE2	H11–H4 = 12 nM H11–H4-Fc = 5 nM H11-D4 = 39 nM H11-D4-Fc = 18 nM	N/A 61 nM N/A 161 nM	Huo et al., 2020
VHH from camel	SARS-CoV-2	Block the binding of RBD and spike to ACE2	Nb11-59 = 21 nM Nb16-68 = 36 nM	35 nM 145 nM	Gai et al., 2020
VNAR from Shark	MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-1	Bind to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 spike Protein	10.1 nM	N/A	Feng et al., 2019
VHH from camel	MERS-CoV	Bind to MERS-CoV spike protein (RBD)	Mono-Nb = 0.87 nM Di-Nb = 5.9 pM Tri-Nb = 7 pM	2.13 nM 0.25 nM 0.38 nM	He et al., 2019
Chimeric VHH camel with Fc of human antibody	MERS-CoV	Bind to MERS-CoV spike protein	VHH1 = 0.4 nM VHH4 = 0.2 nM VHH83 = 0.1 nM VHH101 = 0.9 nM	3.63 nM 0.66 nM 0.66 nM 3.63 nM	Raj et al., 2018
Chimeric VHH camel with Fc of human antibody	MERS-CoV	Bind to MERS-CoV spike protein	NbMS10 = 0.87 nM Fc-NbMS10 = 0.35 nM	232 nM 153 nM	Zhao et al., 2018