Table 3.

Infections caused by Pleurostoma species.

Case	Sexa/Age (year)	Ethnicity	Underlying medical conditions	Clinical syndrome	Isolation source	Fungal species	Antifungal treatment	Outcome	Reference
1	M/80	American	Congestive heart failure	Subcutaneous cystic mass on proximal interphalangeal joint of left fifth finger	Cyst fluid	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[12]
2	F/50	German	Not mentioned	Dacryocystitis	Lacrimal sac stone	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[36]
3	M/79	African American	None	Chronic bursitis on right elbow	Cystic mass	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[31]
4	M/65	American Puerto Rican	Diabetes mellitus	Right foot sole lesion	Purulent fluid from lesion	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision and drainage	Remission	[13]
5	M/43	American Jamaican	Diabetes mellitus, adrenocortical carcinoma, multiple hepatic metastases	Ulcerative lesion on right leg	Lesion discharge	P. richardsiae	Not mentioned	Deceased	[13]
6	M/52	American	None	Subcutaneous lesion on left index finger	Subcutaneous mass	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[7]
7	F/70	American	Myeloproliferative disease	Osteomyelitis of right foot	Bone	P. richardsiae	Debridement of infected bone, amphotericin B for 1 week followed by flucytosine for 2.5 weeks	Deceased due to subsequent disseminated Nocardia infection	[32]
8	M/54	American	Tendinitis, received methylprednisolone injection	Subcutaneous mass on right dorsal index finger	Not mentioned	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Not mentioned	[14]
9	M/30	Malaysian Indian	Left femur fracture with skeletal traction and intramedullary nailing	Cutaneous lesions over left lower tibia & ankle	Lesion biopsy	P. richardsiae	Oral griseofulvin and topical naftifine for three weeks, surgical excision five months after recurrence	Persisted for two more months and then lost to follow-up	[15]
10	M/47	French Senegalese	Hepatitis B virus carrier, recurrent duodenal ulcer	Cutaneous nodule at right patella	Cystic mass biopsy	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[16, 20]
11	M/30	Japanese	Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, steroid-induced diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis	Subcutaneous abscess on right dorsal foot	Pus	P. richardsiae	Oral flucytosine, topical amphotericin B & surgical excision	Deceased due to disseminated intravascular coagulation	[17]
12	F/60	American	Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic heart disease, obesity	Subcutaneous cystic nodule on left medial foot	Cyst aspirate	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[18]
13	M/64	Australian	Polymyalgia rheumatica, on prednisone & azathioprine therapy	Cutaneous nodules on right knee, right thigh and elbows	Skin biopsy	P. richardsiae & Exophiala jeanselmei	Oral flucytosine for 10 days, then ketoconazole for 1 week, then itraconazole for 3 months	Remission	[19]
14	M/39	French	Renal transplant	Knee bursitis	Not mentioned	P. richardsiae	Surgical drainage and antifungal therapy, then surgical excision after recurrence	Not mentioned	[20]
15	F/15	Indian	None	Cutaneous lesion near waistline	Skin scrapings & biopsy	P. richardsiae	Topical clotrimazole for 15 days	Remission	[8]
16	F/50	Indian	None	Cutaneous lesion near waistline	Skin scrapings & biopsy	P. richardsiae	Topical clotrimazole for 15 days	Remission	[8]
17	M/52	British	Diabetes mellitus, porcine mitral valve replacement	Endocarditis & fungaemia	Blood, aortic & porcine mitral valves	P. richardsiae	Aortic and mitral valves replacement, amphotericin B for nearly 6 weeks	Deceased	[39]
18	M/54	British Afro-Caribbean	Renal transplant, hypertension, steroid-induced diabetes mellitus	Cutaneous lesions on right ring finger & left knee	Pus	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[21]
19	M/28	French	HIV, hepatitis C, intravenous drug use, tuberculosis, orthopaedic reconstructive surgery of right foot	Osteomyelitis	Bone aspirates of left elbow & left foot	P. richardsiae	Amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by itraconazole	Not mentioned	[33]
20	M/41	American	Surgical left ankle bone chip removal	Left ankle osteomyelitis	Surgical debridement specimens	P. repens	Surgical debridement, amphotericin B, oral ketoconazole for several months	Remission	[34]
21	M/36	American	Metallic intraocular foreign body	Right eye endophthalmitis	Vitreous samples	P. richardsiae	Pars plana vitrectomy and ketoconazole, followed by a repeat vitrectomy with intraocular lens removal, intravitreal amphotericin B and miconazole	Recurred after 12 months post-second vitrectomy	[37]
22	M/77	American	None	Septic infrapatellar bursitis & contiguous cellulitis	Bursal & superficial pustule aspirates, skin punch biopsy	P. richardsiae	Intravenous amphotericin B for 2 weeks, followed by oral itraconazole for 3 months	Remission	[22]
23	M/45	New Zealander	Renal transplant, transplant-related diabetes mellitus	Subcutaneous left foot abscess	Lesion aspirates, tissues	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision and liposomal amphotericin B for 1 week, repeat debridement & liposomal amphotericin B for 2 weeks followed by itraconazole for 6 weeks after recurrence	Remission	[23]
24	M/59	Japanese	Liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis C	Eumycetoma on left foot	Lesion biopsy	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[24]
25	M/43	Korean	None	Right shin chromoblastomycosis	Skin tissue biopsy	P. richardsiae	Oral itraconazole 3 months, then combined with terbinafine for 3 months	Remission	[25]
26	M/60	Sudanese	None	Yellow-grain eumycetoma on right foot	Grains	P. ochraceum	Surgical debulking	Lost to follow-up	[26]
27	M/54	Canadian	None	Subcutaneous nodule on right patella & prepatellar bursitis	Prepatellar fluid aspirate	P. richardsiae	Therapy declined by patient	Lost to follow-up	[9]
28	M/59	Martinican	Renal transplant	Left ankle abscess	Cutaneous tissue	P. ootheca	Itraconazole for 1.5 months, then posaconazole for 2 months	Remission	[27]
29	M/43	American	Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, porcine mitral valve replacement, intravenous drug abuse, on systemic corticosteroid therapy	Endogenous endophthalmitis of right eye associated with osteomyelitis and endocarditis	Vitreous biopsy	P. richardsiae	Intravitreal amphotericin B during initial diagnostic vitrectomy, topical natamycin & intravenous amphotericin B, intravenous voriconazole added later, followed by repeat vitrectomy and intravitreal amphotericin B	Deceased due to massive intracranial haemorrhage	[35]
30	F/75	Dutch Chinese	Diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis	Left arm infection	Pus and wound	P. richardsiae	Voriconazole for 6 months, repeated surgical eradication, discontinuation of immunosuppression	Deceased due to subsequent progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to Human polyomavirus 2 reactivation	[28]
31	M/78	Japanese	Diabetes mellitus, prostate & bladder cancers, myelodysplastic syndrome	Subcutaneous cyst on right crus	Pus	P. richardsiae	Local heat therapy with disposable chemical pocket warmers for 2 months, then combined with intracutaneous amphotericin B for 3 months	Deceased due to cancers	[29]
32	F/35	Indian	None	Perilacrimal organised lesion with transient nasolacrimal duct obstruction	Perilacrimal mass	P. richardsiae	Surgical excision	Remission	[10]
33	M/72	Turkish	Papillary urothelial carcinoma	Urinary tract infection	Urine	P. richardsiae	Amphotericin B for 4 days followed by itraconazole for 14 days	Remission	[38]
34	M/78	Spaniard	None	Subcutaneous cyst nodule on right dorsal hand	Cyst biopsy	P. richardsiae	Therapy declined by patient	Not mentioned	[30]
35	M/57	Thai	Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis, liver transplant	Fungaemia associated with hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis	Blood and liver blood clot	P. richardsiae	Second liver transplant, amphotericin B for 4 weeks	Remission	[40]
36	M/74	Singaporean Chinese	Renal transplant, bronchiectasis	Subcutaneous thigh nodules	Skin biopsy and pus	P. richardsiae	Surgical excisions, itraconazole for 10 months	Remission	[11]
37	M/65	Hong Kong Chinese	Hepatitis B virus-related liver failure, liver transplant	Progressive liver failure	Subhepatic abscess pus and drain fluids	P. hongkongense	Second liver transplant, amphotericin B and voriconazole	Remission	Present case

^aF, female; M, male.

Note: The fungal strains (UTMB 184 = CBS 423.75 [60] and SM 3531 = ATCC 58115 = BB 903 = CBS 110366 [56, 57]) isolated from two reported cases of Pleurostoma repens were subsequently reidentified as Phaeoacremonium krajdenii by molecular studies [58].