Table 2.
Clinical characteristics, laboratory, procedures, and outcomes of AMI patients during the COVID-19 outbreak
| Variables | COVID-19 negative (n = 155) | COVID-19 positive (n = 32) | Total | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical and demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 65 ± 13 | 66 ± 11 | 65 ± 13.1 | .679 |
| Female sex | 31 (20.0) | 3 (9.4) | 34 (18.2) | .156 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 28.4 ± 4.0 | 27.3 ± 4.6 | .207 |
| Hypertension | 93 (60.0) | 22 (68.8) | 115 (61.5) | .354 |
| Dyslipidemia | 79 (51.0) | 19 (59.3) | 98 (52.4) | .386 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43 (27.8) | 10 (31.3) | 53 (28.3) | .688 |
| eGFR < 30 mL/min/m2 | 3 (1.9) | 1 (3.1) | 4 (2.1) | .531 |
| Smoker | ||||
| Current | 55 (35.5) | 7 (21.9) | 62 (33.2) | .327 |
| Former | 26 (17.8) | 7 (21.9) | 33 (17.6) | |
| COPD | 10 (6.5) | 5 (15.6) | 15 (8.0) | .082 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 14 (9.0) | 0 (0) | 14 (7.5) | .133 |
| Prior CAD | 26 (16.8) | 5 (15.6) | 31 (16.6) | .874 |
| Prior HF | 5 (3.2) | 2 (6.3) | 7 (3.7) | .343 |
| Prior stroke | 6 (3.9) | 2 (6.3) | 8 (4.2) | .627 |
| Active cancer | 7 (4.5) | 1 (3.1) | 8 (4.2) | > .99 |
| Oral anticoagulant | 14 (9.0) | 0 (0) | 14 (7.5) | .133 |
| Clinical presentation and complementary tests | ||||
| Cough/fever | 2 (1.3) | 6 (18.8) | 8 (4.2) | |
| Chest pain | 147 (94.9) | 25 (78.1) | 172 (91.8) | .001 |
| Cardiac arrest | 3 (1.9) | 1 (3.1) | 4 (2.1) | |
| Acute HF | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.1) | |
| Syncope | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| ECG | ||||
| Normal | 39 (25.2) | 5 (15.6) | 44 (23.5) | |
| ST-segment depression | 23 (14.8) | 7 (21.9) | 30 (16.0) | .477 |
| ST-segment elevation | 89 (57.4) | 20 (62.5) | 109 (58.3) | |
| New LBBB | 4 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 4 (2.1) | |
| Aspirin | 153 (98.7) | 32 (100) | 185 (98.9) | .518 |
| P2Y12 inhibitors | ||||
| None | 8 (5.2) | 1 (3.1) | 9 (4.9) | |
| Clopidogrel | 41 (26.5) | 8 (25.0) | 49 (26.2) | .001 |
| Ticagrelor | 94 (60.6) | 12 (37.5) | 106 (56.7) | |
| Prasugrel | 12 (7.7) | 11 (34.4) | 23 (12.3) | |
| Scores | ||||
| Killip-Kimball | ||||
| I | 139 (89.7) | 23 (71.9) | 162 (86.6) | .016 |
| II | 9 (5.8) | 3 (9.4) | 12 (6.4) | |
| III | 2 (1.3) | 3 (9.4) | 5 (2.7) | .041 |
| IV | 5 (3.2) | 3 (9.4) | 8 (4.3) | |
| GRACE | 116.3 ± 30 | 129.8 ± 39 | 118.4 ± 32 | |
| LVEF, % | 50 ± 12 | 50 ± 11 | 50 ± 12 | .954 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| cTn at admission, × URL | 5.17 [0.83-48.74] | 7.81 [0.45-146.35] | 5.21 [0.80-51.22] | .483 |
| CK at admission, U/L | 267 [86-928] | 291 [99-620] | 273 [89-898] | .491 |
| NT-proBNP peak, pg/mL | 906 [319-3793] | 3744 [640-12 768] | 1207 [323-4074] | .062 |
| BNP peak, pg/mL | 340 [29-867] | 385 [245-1314] | 364 [44-863] | .618 |
| CRP at admission, mg/L | 1.87 [0.60-6.66] | 10.65 [2.72-34.27] | 2.60 [0.66-10.36] | < .001 |
| CRP peak, mg/L | 4.60 [0.99-20.60] | 39.40 [9.40-151.55] | 6.60 [1.20-30.10] | < .001 |
| Leukocytes at admission, cells/mL | 10 705 [8355-13 870] | 9200 [7700-14 270] | 10 600 [8225-13 880] | .560 |
| Lymphocytes at admission, cells/mL | 1690 [1100-2315] | 1100 [800-1690] | 1600 [1015-2187] | < .001 |
| Hb at admission, g/dL | 14.5 [13.2-15.7] | 14.4 [12.3-15.7] | 14.5 [13.0-15.7] | .722 |
| Platelets (lowest value), ×103 cells/mL | 207.5 [171.0-251.7] | 199.0 [166.0-244.0] | 204.0 [170.0-251.0] | .404 |
| D-dimer peak, ng/mL | 317 [116-633] | 1109 [523-1585] | 550 [290-1344] | < .001 |
| Ferritin peak, ng/mL | 286 [107-393] | 1239 [518-1851] | 342 [173-1055] | < .001 |
| AST, U/L | 82 [27-160] | 98 [59-166] | 86 [32-162] | .880 |
| ALT, U/L | 32 [22-48] | 69 [38-109] | 33 [24-67] | .561 |
| Coronary angiography findings and PCI | ||||
| Access | ||||
| Radial | 145 (93.5) | 29 (93.5) | 174 (93.5) | |
| Femoral | 8 (5.2) | 2 (6.5) | 10 (5.4) | .776 |
| Ulnar | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Brachial | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Extent of CAD | ||||
| No lesions | 6 (3.9) | 1 (3.2) | 7 (3.7) | |
| 1-vessel CAD | 93 (60) | 14 (45.2) | 107 (57.5) | .368 |
| 2-vessel CAD | 37 (23.9) | 10 (32.2) | 47 (25.3) | |
| 3-vessel CAD | 19 (12.2) | 6 (19.4) | 25 (13.5) | |
| Culprit vessel | ||||
| No lesions | 1 (0.7) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (1.1) | |
| LM | 2 (1.4) | 2 (6.4) | 4 (2.2) | .255 |
| LAD | 72 (48.3) | 13 (41.9) | 85 (47.2) | |
| LCX | 29 (19.5) | 5 (16.2) | 34 (18.9) | |
| RCA | 40 (26.8) | 10 (32.2) | 50 (27.8) | |
| > 1 vessel | 5 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.8) | |
| TIMI thrombus grade* | ||||
| 0 | 8 (5.7) | 4 (13.3) | 12 (7) | |
| 1 | 54 (38.3) | 7 (23.3) | 61 (35.7) | .089 |
| 2 | 24 (17) | 4 (13.3) | 28 (16.4) | |
| 3 | 16 (11.3) | 1 (3.3) | 17 (10) | |
| 4 | 20 (14.2) | 5 (16.6) | 25 (14.5) | |
| 5 | 19 (13.5) | 9 (30) | 28 (16.4) | |
| Thrombus aspiration* | 24 (15.9) | 8 (26.7) | 32 (17.7) | .189 |
| No. of stents | 1.30 ± 0.94 | 1.33 ± 0.88 | 1.31 ± 0.93 | .868 |
| Stent diameter | 3.24 ± 1.16 | 3.26 ± 0.60 | 3.24 ± 1.08 | .942 |
| Total length with stent | 24 [18-38] | 30 [19-49] | 26 [18-40] | .128 |
| Final TIMI flow* | ||||
| 0 | 1 (0.7) | 3 (9.7) | 4 (2.2) | |
| 1 | 2 (1.4) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (1.6) | .016 |
| 2 | 14 (9.3) | 4 (12.9) | 18 (9.8) | |
| 3 | 135 (88.8) | 23 (74.2) | 158 (86.3) | |
AMI, acute myocardial infarction, ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CAD, coronary artery disease; CK, total creatine kinase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; cTn, cardiac troponin; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; Hb, hemoglobin; HF, heart failure; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LCX, left circumflex coronary artery; LM, left main coronary artery; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TIMI, Thrombolyis in Myocardial Infarction; ×URL, times the upper reference limit; SD, standard deviation.
Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviation with a 95% confidence interval.
Data are expressed as No. (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median [interquartile range].
Only valid for STEMI.