Table 1.
Characteristics of CORONADO participants prior to admission, according to the use of metformin.
| Metformin use |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Available data | All (N = 2449) | No (N = 953) | Yes (N = 1496) | P value | |
| Sex (female) | 2449 | 881/2449 (36%) | 385/953 (40.4%) | 496/1496 (33.2%) | 0.0003 |
| Age (years) | 2449 | 70.9 ± 12.5 | 74.6 ± 12.5 | 68.5 ± 11.9 | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity | 2095 | 0.0001 | |||
| EU | 1229/2095 (58.7%) | 525/817 (64.3%) | 704/1278 (55.1%) | ||
| MENA | 446/2095 (21.3%) | 163/817 (20%) | 283/1278 (22.1%) | ||
| AC | 339/2095 (16.2%) | 101/817 (12.4%) | 238/1278 (18.6%) | ||
| AS | 81/2095 (3.9%) | 28/817 (3.4%) | 53/1278 (4.1%) | ||
| BMI (kg/m²) | 2150 | 28.7 [25.3−32.7] | 28.4 [24.8−32.4] | 28.8 [25.6−32.8] | 0.0683 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 1483 | 13.9 ± 9.6 | 15.8 ± 10.3 | 12.7 ± 8.9 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 1552 | 64.8 ± 20.1 | 62.5 ± 19.7 | 66.3 ± 20.3 | 0.0003 |
| HbA1c (%) | 1552 | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 7.9 ± 1.8 | 8.2 ± 1.9 | 0.0003 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI), mL/min.1.73m² | 1606 | 68 ± 29.4 | 55.4 ± 31 | 77.6 ± 24.1 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 2429 | 1947/2429 (80.2%) | 792/949 (83.5%) | 1155/1480 (78%) | 0.0012 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 2375 | 1173/2375 (49.4%) | 476/930 (51.2%) | 697/1445 (48.2%) | 0.1655 |
| Current tobacco use | 2005 | 113/2005 (5.6%) | 40/778 (5.1%) | 73/1227 (5.9%) | 0.4873 |
| Microvascular complications | 1724 | 782/1724 (45.4%) | 450/707 (63.6%) | 332/1017 (32.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Severe diabetic retinopathy | 1894 | 120/1894 (6.3%) | 73/736 (9.9%) | 47/1158 (4.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 1990 | 668/1990 (33.6%) | 406/766 (53.0%) | 262/1224 (21.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Macrovascular complications | 2308 | 923/2308 (40%) | 463/911 (50.8%) | 460/1397 (32.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2382 | 633/2382 (26.6%) | 312/927 (33.7%) | 321/1455 (22.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2394 | 309/2394 (12.9%) | 162/932 (17.4%) | 147/1462 (10.1%) | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 2425 | 276/2425 (11.4%) | 173/945 (18.3%) | 103/1480 (7%) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Heart failure | 2329 | 280/2329 (12%) | 170/907 (18.7%) | 110/1422 (7.7%) | <0.0001 |
| NAFLD | 2078 | 158/2078 (7.6%) | 47/833 (5.6%) | 111/1245 (8.9%) | 0.0067 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 2301 | 62/2301 (2.7%) | 36/909 (4%) | 26/1392 (1.9%) | 0.0035 |
| Active cancer | 2405 | 233/2405 (9.7%) | 111/939 (11.8%) | 122/1466 (8.3%) | 0.0058 |
| COPD | 2394 | 233/2394 (9.7%) | 118/931 (12.7%) | 115/1463 (7.9%) | 0.0001 |
| Treated OSA | 2268 | 255/2268 (11.2%) | 105/894 (11.7%) | 150/1374 (10.9%) | 0.5413 |
| Routine treatment before admission | |||||
| Sulfonylurea/glinide | 2449 | 754/2449 (30.8%) | 255/953 (26.8%) | 499/1496 (33.4%) | 0.0005 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 2449 | 596/2449 (24.3%) | 148/953 (15.5%) | 448/1496 (29.9%) | <0.0001 |
| GLP1-RA | 2449 | 242/2449 (9.9%) | 59/953 (6.2%) | 183/1496 (12.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin therapy | 2449 | 902/2449 (36.8%) | 495/953 (51.9%) | 407/1496 (27.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 2449 | 494/2449 (20.2%) | 147/953 (15.4%) | 347/1496 (23.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Loop diuretics | 2449 | 495/2449 (20.2%) | 329/953 (34.5%) | 166/1496 (11.1%) | <0.0001 |
| MRA | 2449 | 113/2449 (4.6%) | 46/953 (4.8%) | 67/1496 (4.5%) | 0.6937 |
| ARBs and/or ACE inhibitors | 2449 | 1422/2449 (58.1%) | 520/953 (54.6%) | 902/1496 (60.3%) | 0.0056 |
| β-blockers | 2449 | 919/2449 (37.5%) | 437/953 (45.9%) | 482/1496 (32.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium channel-blockers | 2449 | 855/2449 (34.9%) | 363/953 (38.1%) | 492/1496 (32.9%) | 0.0091 |
| Statins | 2449 | 1192/2449 (48.7%) | 439/953 (46.1%) | 753/1496 (50.3%) | 0.0422 |
| Anti-platelet agent | 2449 | 1039/2449 (42.4%) | 432/953 (45.3%) | 607/1496 (40.6%) | 0.0211 |
| Anticoagulation therapy | 2449 | 460/2449 (18.8%) | 267/953 (28%) | 193/1496 (12.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Corticosteroid | 2449 | 129/2449 (5.3%) | 83/953 (8.7%) | 46/1496 (3.1%) | <0.0001 |
| COPD and/or asthma treatment | 2449 | 269/2449 (11%) | 115/953 (12.1%) | 154/1496 (10.3%) | 0.1850 |
Data are presented as numbers (%) and mean ± SD, or median [25th–75th percentile] if not normally distributed.
P values are calculated using Fisher’s exact test, unpaired Student t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test (two-sided).
Ethnicity: EU (Europid), MENA (Middle East North Africa); AC (African or Caribbean), AS (Asian).
HbA1c corresponds to the glycated haemoglobin determined in the first 7 days following hospital admission or in the 6 months prior hospitalisation.
DKD: defined as eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or proteinuria.
BMI: body mass index; eGFR (CKD-EPI): estimated glomerular filtration rate using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1-receptor agonist; MRA, mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist (i.e. spironolactone and eplerenone); ARB, angiotensin-2 receptor-blocker; ACE inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.